{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:20:02Z","timestamp":1787635202908,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Luminescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Carbon quantum dot (CQD)\u2010based label\u2010free fluorescent sensing platforms have emerged as promising analytical approaches for the detection of tetracycline residues in food and environmental samples. This review summarizes recent advances in CQD design, fluorescence sensing mechanisms, and practical analytical applications, with an emphasis on precursor engineering, heteroatom doping, and surface\u2010state modulation. Among antibiotic contaminants, tetracyclines represent an important model target due to their extensive use, environmental persistence, and characteristic molecular properties that enable diverse interactions with CQD surfaces. Recognition\u2010assisted CQD biosensing architectures incorporating selective elements such as aptamers, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers represent an important complementary strategy; however, this review specifically focuses on label\u2010free systems in which tetracycline\u2010induced modulation of CQD photoluminescence provides the sensing response. Reported label\u2010free CQD sensors demonstrate improved analytical performance and successful application in complex matrices, including milk, honey, serum, and water samples. Nevertheless, challenges related to fluorescence mechanism ambiguity, synthesis variability, insufficient standardization, matrix interference, and limited long\u2010term validation remain major barriers to practical deployment. Emerging trends, including smartphone\u2010assisted detection, paper\u2010based platforms, and sustainable biomass\u2010derived CQDs, indicate progress toward portable sensing technologies. Future development requires rational CQD design, standardized evaluation frameworks, and robust field\u2010validation strategies for reliable tetracycline monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:08:03Z","timestamp":1785823683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Real\u2010World Tetracycline Sensing: Label\u2010Free Carbon Quantum Dot Fluorescence From Molecular Design to Matrix\u2010Driven Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al\u2010Ahliyya Amman University  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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