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Soil enzymes are the products of plant, animal, and microbial activities in the soil. Participating in diverse soil biochemical processes, their activity levels serve as sensitive indicators of biochemical process intensity in soil ecosystems. In this paper, the toxic effects of Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    on glutamate dehydrogenase (L\u2010GDH), copper\/zinc\u2010superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn\u2010SOD), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were investigated under simulated physiological conditions. Fluorescence spectra and lifetime measurements showed that Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduced the fluorescence intensity and hydrophobicity and altered the protein conformation of L\u2010GDH, Cu\/Zn\u2010SOD, and ACP; the intrinsic fluorescence of L\u2010GDH and Cu\/Zn\u2010SOD underwent dynamic quenching, whereas ACP underwent static quenching. Enzyme activity assays revealed that ACP was the most susceptible to Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    inhibition among the three enzymes, showing a clear dose\u2010dependent effect. UV\u2013Vis and CD spectroscopy showed that Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    loosened the protein backbone structure and induced peptide chain extension and protein unfolding. The changes of enzyme activity in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Eisenia fetida<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    were measured after exposure to Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    at different times and concentrations. Overall, this study provides a foundation for understanding the effects of Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    on the structure and function of soil enzymes, revealing the potential effects of heavy metals on enzymes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:20:41Z","timestamp":1788920441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Insights Into Copper\u2010Induced Structural and Functional Alterations of Key Soil Enzymes: Multispectral and In\u00a0Vivo Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction Hebei University  Baoding Hebei 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N.Stephens J.Park et\u00a0al. \u201cDevelopment of a Multi\u2010Modal Tissue Diagnostic System Combining High Frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging With Lifetime Fluorescence Spectroscopy \u201d2008 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium(IEEE 2008) 570\u2013573 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ultsym.2008.0137.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2008.0137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038\u2010007\u20100089\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Luminescence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bio.70616","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bio.70616","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bio.70616","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:57:55Z","timestamp":1790377075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bio.70616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bio.70616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bio.70616","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-7235","1522-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-7235","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70616"}}