{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:37:32Z","timestamp":1793083052770,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Luminescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Levothyroxine (LT4), a synthetic thyroid hormone used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, may interact with co\u2010administered drugs and metal ions, potentially influencing its distribution and bioavailability. In this study, steady\u2010state fluorescence spectroscopy was used to examine the interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with LT4, ciprofloxacin, sodium alendronate, and selected metal ions (Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Al\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), both individually and in LT4\u2010containing systems. Fluorescence\u2010quenching and apparent binding parameters were evaluated using Stern\u2013Volmer and reciprocal binding analyses. LT4 and ciprofloxacin exhibited moderate\u2010to\u2010strong apparent interactions with BSA, with K\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,app values of 2.73\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 2.94\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively, whereas sodium alendronate showed weaker association. Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    produced the strongest quenching response and the highest apparent binding parameter (2.92\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ); this value was interpreted cautiously because strong quenching, hydrolysis, phosphate coordination, and ion\u2010speciation effects may contribute to the observed response. LT4 markedly attenuated the apparent Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010 and Al\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010associated interactions, moderately reduced the ciprofloxacin response, modestly affected Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and produced little change in sodium alendronate association. Temperature\u2010controlled fluorescence measurements at 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15\u2009K were used for three\u2010point Van't Hoff analysis, yielding apparent \u0394G, \u0394H, and \u0394S values with unaltered fit statistics and regression\u2010only uncertainty estimates. Overall, the results reveal ligand\u2010dependent differences in BSA interaction and identify Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Al\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    as the systems most strongly modulated by LT4 while supporting cautious physiological interpretation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:46:36Z","timestamp":1791427596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Steady\u2010State Fluorescence Evaluation of Apparent Levothyroxine\u2013BSA Binding and Its Modulation by Ciprofloxacin, Alendronate, and Metal Ions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Enas T.","family":"Abdel\u2010Salam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University  Ismailia Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"El Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab M.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University  Ismailia Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend M.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Arish University  Arish Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Z.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University  Ismailia Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa A. 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