{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:48:47Z","timestamp":1766087327572,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioFactors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biological functions of immunoglobulin\u2010free light chains (FLCs), other than in chronic inflammatory diseases, are still poorly defined; the field of insulin resistance (IR) has not been investigated, despite the strict relationships with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Therefore, we evaluated FLCs levels and their relationships with metabolic parameters in adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), both characterized by IR. One hundred subjects were enrolled: group A, patients with GHD [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =31, 24\u201369 years, mean \u00b1 SEM body mass index (BMI) 26.8 \u00b1 1.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>]; group B, patients with MetS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 29, 21\u201370 years, BMI 31.9 \u00b1 1.3); group C, controls (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 40, 21\u201362 years, BMI 21.6 \u00b1 1.1). Groups were matched by age range and, for patients, by BMI. Morning blood sample was collected for metabolic parameters and FLCs, assessed by turbidimetric assay. GHD patients show levels of FLCs significantly higher than MetS and controls (mean \u00b1 SEM \u03ba 37.21 \u00b1 6.97, 15.27 \u00b1 0.86, 12.34 \u00b1 0.85 mg\/l; \u03bb 19.44 \u00b1 2.61, 11.78 \u00b1 0.72 and 11.67 \u00b1 0.77 mg\/l; \u03ba\/\u03bb ratio 1.77 \u00b1 0.13, 1.38 \u00b1 0.09; and 1.10 \u00b1 0.06, respectively); only \u03ba were higher in MetS versus controls. Therefore, the ratio showed progressive declining values in GHD versus MetS versus controls. Our data show increased FLCs levels in GHD and MetS, with the highest values in the former. Both conditions show OS, but with different molecular patterns. FLCs may contribute to chronic inflammation, leading to OS, and cardiovascular complications of GHD. Prognostic and therapeutic implications require further investigation. \u00a9 2018 BioFactors, 44(5):480\u2013484, 2018<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T10:59:59Z","timestamp":1535972399000},"page":"480-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Plasmatic free light chains as inflammatory marker in insulin resistance: comparison of metabolic syndrome with adult growth hormone deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Umberto","family":"Basile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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Gemelli IRCCS \u2013 Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krizia","family":"Pocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS \u2013 Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Endocrinology Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS \u2013 Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale \u201cM. G. 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