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We aimed to describe bioactive peptide concentration in very preterm human milk and associations to maternal characteristics and postnatal growth. Mothers delivering \u226432\u2009weeks of gestation and their infant\/s were recruited. At 4\u2009weeks of lactation, an aliquot of 24\u2010h\u2010pooled milk was collected for exclusively breastfeeding dyads. Insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor\u20108 (MFG\u2010E8) were measured by enzyme\u2010linked immunoabsorbent assay in skimmed milk. One hundred mothers (28.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u2009weeks at delivery) provided a milk sample. Milk insulin was related to gestational age, pre\u2010pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and galactagogue treatment (final model: adjusted <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 0.330, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001; adjusted <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> coefficients: galactagogue treatment: 0.348, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.001; pre\u2010pregnancy BMI: 0.274, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.009; gestational age: \u22120.290, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.007). Adiponectin was higher in mothers with gestational diabetes (30.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5 vs. 24.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098\u2009ng\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.044). Leptin was associated with pre\u2010pregnancy BMI (Spearman's <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>: 0.648, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and MFG\u2010E8 to presence of labor and multiple pregnancy (final linear regression model, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 0.073, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.028, adjusted <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> coefficients: presence of labor \u22120.229, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.050; twins: \u22120.192, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.099). Milk adiponectin was associated with a greater decrease in length <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores from birth to 28\u2009days (Pearson's <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.225, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.032) and to discharge (Pearson's <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>: \u22120.290, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.003). Milk MFG\u2010E8 was lower in milk of mothers whose babies experienced late\u2010onset sepsis (13.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8 vs. 16.8\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> 0.023). Adipokines levels in preterm human milk are partially related to maternal metabolic status. Milk peptide concentration associates with early neonatal growth trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T01:52:02Z","timestamp":1692409922000},"page":"135-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bioactive peptides in preterm human milk: Impact of maternal characteristics and their association to neonatal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Balcells\u2010Esponera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Borr\u00e0s\u2010Novell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Cubells Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Unit Hospital General Universitari de Castell\u00f3  Castell\u00f3 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Basseda Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Izquierdo Renau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Herranz Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Iglesias\u2010Platas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Department, BCNatal\u2014Centre de Medicina Maternofetal i Neonatologia de Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Trust  Norwich 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