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To date, no chromium\u2010containing glucose tolerance factor has been characterized, the purpose of the low\u2010molecular\u2010weight chromium\u2010binding protein is questionable, and no direct interaction between chromium and insulin has been found. Furthermore, chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>is treated like the toxic metals arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in animals. Chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>may be involved in chromium<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>\u2010induced cancers because chromium<jats:sup>6+<\/jats:sup>is converted to chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, and chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>is genotoxic and mutagenic. Although there is no direct evidence of chromium deficiencies in humans, dietary supplements exist to provide supraphysiological doses of absorbable chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>. Chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>may act clinically by interfering with iron absorption, decreasing the high iron stores that are linked to diabetes and heart disease. If so, this would make chromium<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>a pharmacological agent, not an essential metal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520110301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,19]],"date-time":"2008-12-19T00:27:02Z","timestamp":1229646422000},"page":"149-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Is chromium a trace essential metal?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Stearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Inorganic Biochemistry: An Introduction","author":"Cowan J. 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