{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T22:49:09Z","timestamp":1784242149309,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010890","name":"Chinese Government Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202006150033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202006150033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioFactors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Compared to the well\u2010defined immune\u2010modulating effect of butyrate, the understanding of the effect of other protein fermentation metabolites is limited. This study aimed to investigate the impact of protein\u2010derived metabolites (valerate, branched\u2010chain fatty acids, ammonium, phenol, p\u2010Cresol, indole, and hydrogen sulfide) on cytokine production in murine bone marrow\u2010derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS),\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    NCFM, or\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    USA300. Some of the metabolites, but not the short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs), strongly affected cell viability. After short\u2010term treatment and depending on the microbial stimulus, SCFAs affected the cytokine profile similarly but weaker than butyrate, as reflected by inhibition of IL\u201012p70 and IL\u201010 but enhanced IL\u201023 (LPS and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    USA300) and IL\u20101\u03b2 production. Compared to butyrate, valerate exhibited a weaker and slower effect on cytokine expression. Two\u2010day treatment with valerate and butyrate resulted in similar effects, that is, LPS\u2010induced IL\u201012 abrogation and IL\u201010 enhancement, increased aryl hydrocarbon receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>Ahr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) expression, and after LPS stimulation, increased expression of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>Dusp1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In conclusion, SCFAs exhibited low toxicity and modulated microbially stimulated BMDCs. Valerate and butyrate showed the strongest effect, which was dependent on the specific microbial stimulation and the course of the SCFA treatment. Our work adds knowledge regarding the role of protein\u2010derived metabolites from gut bacterial fermentation on the immune system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T04:01:32Z","timestamp":1740542492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of microbial metabolites from colonic protein fermentation on bacteria\u2010induced cytokine production in dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen  Frederiksberg C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny 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