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When therapeutic proteins are orally delivered, plant cells protect antigens in the stomach through bioencapsulation and eliminate the need for expensive purification and sterile injections, in addition to development of both systemic and mucosal immunity. Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance and multi\u2010gene expression in a single transformation event. Hyper\u2010expression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague or canine parvovirus (4\u201331% of total soluble protein, tsp) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non\u2010green plastids (carrots, tomato), as well as the availability of antibiotic\u2010free selectable markers or the ability to excise selectable marker genes, facilitate oral delivery. Hyper\u2010expression of several therapeutic proteins, including human serum albumin (11.1% tsp), somatotropin (7% tsp), interferon\u2010gamma (6% tsp), anti\u2010microbial peptide (21.5% tsp), facilitates efficient and economic purification. Also, the presence of chaperones and enzymes in chloroplasts facilitate assembly of complex multi\u2010subunit proteins and correct folding of human blood proteins with proper disulfide bonds. Functionality of chloroplast\u2010derived vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated by several assays, including the macrophage lysis assay, GM1\u2010ganglioside binding assay, protection of HeLa cells or human lung carcinoma cells against encephalomyocarditis virus, systemic immune response, protection against pathogen challenge, and growth or inhibition of cell cultures. Thus, transgenic chloroplasts are ideal bioreactors for production of functional human and animal therapeutic proteins in an environmentally friendly manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.200600145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]],"date-time":"2006-09-27T08:05:52Z","timestamp":1159344352000},"page":"1071-1079","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Production of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants via the chloroplast genome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Henry","family":"Daniell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-004-0767-1","article-title":"Plant molecular farming: systems and products.","volume":"22","author":"Horn M. 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