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On the basis of the volume of liquid used, the biosurfactant levels were similar to those obtained in submerged liquid culture of a medium identical to the impregnating solution. The properties of the biosurfactant were very similar to those obtained with rhamnolipids produced in submerged culture, with a critical micelle concentration of 46.8 mg\/L and an emulsification index at 24 h of over 90% against gasoline. The surface properties were maintained after autoclaving of the fermented solids, meaning that it is possible to minimize safety risks by killing the producing organism with a heat treatment of the solids prior to product extraction. The biosurfactant was used in the washing of soils contaminated with gasoline. An aqueous biosurfactant solution was 3.2\u2010fold more efficient than water in leaching organic material from the soil, demonstrating the viability of application of rhamnolipids in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with gasoline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.200800325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,18]],"date-time":"2009-05-18T13:32:43Z","timestamp":1242653563000},"page":"748-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Production of rhamnolipids in solid\u2010state cultivation: Characterization, downstream processing and application in the cleaning of contaminated soils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Doumit Camilios","family":"Neto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel Alexandre","family":"Meira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Tiburtius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcio Peralta","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cryshelen","family":"Bugay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Alexander","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Microbial production of biosurfactants and their importance.","volume":"77","author":"Karanth N. 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