{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:56:14Z","timestamp":1790704574340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) is a dangerous microorganism, and creates serious medical problems. It causes many types of infections in humans and often acquires multi\u2010drug resistance. In this study, silibinin was evaluated against 20 clinical isolates of MRSA, either alone or in combination with ampicillin or oxacillin, using a checkerboard assay. The silibinin exhibited good activity against isolates of MRSA, and MRSA ATCC33952 and MSSA ATCC25923, with minimum inhibitory concentrations\/minimum bactericidal concentrations (MICs\/MBCs) ranging between 2\u20138\/4\u201316 \u03bcg\/mL, for ampicillin 2\u20131024\/2\u20132048 \u03bcg\/mL, and for oxacillin 0.25\u201332\/0.5\u201364 \u03bcg\/mL. The range of MIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> were 0.5\u20134 \u03bcg\/mL and 2\u20138 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. The MICs\/MBCs for the combination of silibinin plus oxacillin or ampicillin were reduced by \u22654\u2010fold against the MRSA isolates tested, demonstrating a synergistic effect, as defined by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of \u22640.5. Furthermore, a time\u2010kill study evaluating the growth of the tested bacteria showed that growth was completely attenuated after 2\u20135 h of treatment with the 1\/2 MIC of silibinin, regardless of whether it was administered alone or with oxacillin (1\/2 MIC) or ampicillin (1\/2 MIC). In conclusion, silibinin exerted synergistic effects when administered with oxacillin or ampicillin and the antibacterial activity and resistant regulation of silibinin against clinical isolates of MRSA might be useful in controlling MRSA infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201000422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1302699986000},"page":"1397-1408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Synergistic effects between silibinin and antibiotics on methicillin\u2010resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> isolated from clinical specimens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hyun\u2010Kyung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong\u2010Dan","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/598186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8651(03)00030-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","first-page":"117","article-title":"Slime production and cell surface hydrophobicity of nasopharygeal and skin staphylococci isolated from healthy people.","volume":"54","author":"Malm A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. 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