{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:47:49Z","timestamp":1773920869368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI075549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI075549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33AI101329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33AI101329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The threat of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics with increasingly severe neuroinvasive infections demands the development and licensing of effective vaccines. To date, vaccine candidates based on inactivated, live\u2010attenuated, or chimeric virus, and viral DNA and WNV protein subunits have been developed. Some have been approved for veterinary use or are under clinical investigation, yet no vaccine has been licensed for human use. Reaching the milestone of a commercialized human vaccine, however, may largely depend on the economics of vaccine production. Analysis suggests that currently only novel low\u2010cost production technologies would allow vaccination to outcompete the cost of surveillance and clinical treatment. Here, we review progress using plants to address the economic challenges of WNV vaccine production. The advantages of plants as hosts for vaccine production in cost, speed and scalability, especially those of viral vector\u2010based transient expression systems, are discussed. The progress in developing WNV subunit vaccines in plants is reviewed within the context of their expression, characterization, downstream processing, and immunogenicity in animal models. The development of vaccines based on enveloped and non\u2010enveloped virus\u2010like particles is also discussed. These advancements suggest that plants may provide a production platform that offers potent, safe and affordable human vaccines against WNV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,12]],"date-time":"2015-02-12T12:28:37Z","timestamp":1423744117000},"page":"671-680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Plant\u2010made vaccines against West Nile virus are potent, safe, and economically feasible"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160654"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01963-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.31.20867","article-title":"West Nile virus lineage 2 isolated from Culex modestus mosquitoes in the Czech Republic, 2013: expansion of the European WNV endemic area to the North?","volume":"19","author":"Rudolf I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.041028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00249-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Equine vaccine for West Nile virus.","volume":"114","author":"Ng T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. 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A. Pai V. Weeks\u2010Levy C. Ogata S. Recombinant subunit West Nile virus vaccine for protection of human subjects.United States patent application No. US20120141520 A12012."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.12.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050782"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"West Nile Virus: is a vaccine needed?","volume":"11","author":"Martina B. E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q. 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