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However, CAR\u2010T cell expansion methods are still under development and often rely on manual, low\u2010control culture methods. The transition to bioreactors would allow for greater process control and scalability and is a key focus of research in the field. Despite this, there are few methods to determine culture progression without the need for manual cell sampling which risks introducing errors and heightening contamination risks. In this article, we assessed whether capacitance technology could deliver reliable, on\u2010line cell concentrations by comparing T cell, and CAR\u2010T cell bioprocesses with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cultures\u2014widely used in biotechnology and with established capacitance usage. Finding that capacitance technology could accurately measure CAR\u2010T cell concentrations, we then demonstrated the automation of feeding using capacitance\u2010derived triggers which improved bioprocess performance in terms of cell concentration and throughput. We anticipate that this study will expand avenues of investigation regarding capacitance as a suitable process analytical technology (PAT) to enable monitoring and control of CAR\u2010T cell manufacture, and potentially other cell and gene therapy products. It may also enable remote monitoring of multiple batches, harvest control, and the generation of large collections of process data for modelling, which will further progress the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:50:39Z","timestamp":1776675039000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Capacitance Technology Enables Automated Feeding, Improved Expansion, and Higher Throughput of CAR\u2010T Cell Stirred\u2010Tank Bioreactor Cultures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4636-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivano Luigi","family":"Colao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aber Instruments Ltd.  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Aberystwyth Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8319-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Goldrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasim Ali","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201019505\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643\u20103230.BCD\u201021\u20100084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202000177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.797440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201032866\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18609\/cgti.2016.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"FDA. 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