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However, time\u2010resolved monitoring of filamentous biomass and pellet size dynamics in stirred\u2010tank reactors remains challenging due to offline sampling limitations. We present a noninvasive in situ imaging approach to observe biomass\u2010related light scattering and projected pellet size. A custom\u2010built camera and ring\u2010light setup with MATLAB\u2010based image acquisition and processing was used to quantify image luminosity as a proxy for biomass content and to determine projected object area (POA) and the number of detected objects per image above a POA threshold of 0.5\u00a0mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . To characterize systematic biases, polyoxymethylene spheres of 1\u20134\u00a0mm diameter served as a model system. Luminosity scaled with object concentration, whereas object detection and apparent size estimation were increasingly affected by object size and concentration. In a bench\u2010scale cultivation of malic acid\u2010producing\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , image luminosity followed biomass content, while in situ POA analysis revealed increasing projected pellet size coinciding with Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    limitation. These observations differed from ex situ sampling, indicating that image\u2010based in situ monitoring provides time\u2010resolved information on biomass formation and pellet size dynamics that may not be captured by offline sampling alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:31:53Z","timestamp":1790663513000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ Imaging for Monitoring Biomass Content and Pellet Size in Submerged Filamentous Stirred\u2010Tank Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology  Karlsruhe 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