{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:16:58Z","timestamp":1768713418375,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU\u2010DSPP\u20102024\u201016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU\u2010DSPP\u20102024\u201016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biopolymers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cellulose nanofibers, a sustainable and promising material with widespread applications, exhibit appreciable strength and excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. The preparation of cellulosic nanofibers from food or agricultural residue is not sustainable. Therefore, this study was designed to use three halophytic plants (<jats:italic>Cressa cretica, Phragmites karka<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Suaeda fruticosa<\/jats:italic>) to extract cellulose for the subsequent conversion to cellulosic nanofibers composites. The other extracted biomass components including lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin were also utilized to obtain industrially valuable enzymes. The maximum pectinase (31.56\u2009IU\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), xylanase (35.21\u2009IU\u2009mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and laccase (15.89\u2009IU mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were produced after the fermentation of extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin from<jats:italic>S. fruticosa<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>P. karka<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>C. cretica<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Cellulose was methylated (with a degree of substitution of 2.4) and subsequently converted into a composite using polyvinyl alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the composites. The composites made up of cellulose from<jats:italic>C. cretica<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S. fruticosa<\/jats:italic>had a high tensile strength (21.5 and 15.2\u2009MPa) and low biodegradability (47.58% and 44.56%, respectively) after dumping for 3\u2009months in soil, as compared with the composite from<jats:italic>P. karka<\/jats:italic>(98.79% biodegradability and 4.9\u2009MPa tensile strength). Moreover, all the composites exhibited antibacterial activity against gram\u2010negative bacteria (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>) and gram\u2010positive bacteria (<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>). Hence, this study emphasizes the possibility for various industrial applications of biomass from halophytic plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.23586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:29:23Z","timestamp":1715772563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extraction of cellulose from halophytic plants for the synthesis of a novel biocomposite"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Uroosa","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences SZABIST University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusra","family":"Shafquat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7208-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Karachi Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aizaz Ahmed","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences SZABIST University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Daniyal","family":"Arain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences SZABIST University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tehmees","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences SZABIST University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah K.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science Taif University Taif Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-53655-2_53"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.778155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pujz\/2020.35.2.223.228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"Munir N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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