{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:10:50Z","timestamp":1768407050808,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biopolymers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the combination of poly (urea\u2010formaldehyde) (UF), Sulfate of Potash\u2010Magnesia (Sul\u2010Po\u2010Mag) fertilizer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">2MgSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u00b7<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>), and Date Kernel Seed (DS), a novel slow\u2010release fertilizer in the form of granules called UF\/DS\/Sul\u2010Po\u2010Mag composite was introduced. The IR, DSC, TG, and X\u2010ray spectra were used to characterize the synthesized composite. Characterizations revealed that the new fertilizer had good compatibility and strong hydrogen\u2010bond interactions with improved mechanical and slow\u2010release properties. An aqueous medium and soil incubation studies (up to 70\u2009days) were used to examine the slow\u2010release behavior. Over time, the accessible SO4<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and Mg<jats:sup>+2<\/jats:sup> contents showed significantly lower SO4<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and Mg<jats:sup>+2<\/jats:sup> losses than conventional fertilizer, even for low\u2010polymerized materials. The fertilizer composite proved significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens using the broth dilution technique. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for tested bacteria and yeasts was 20\u2009mg, while the maximum inhibition concentration (MAC) ranges from 40 to 60\u2009mg. On the other hand, MIC for tested filamentous fungi was 100\u2009mg, while MAC was 200\u2013500\u2009mg. These antimicrobial properties against harmful microbes and nutritional contents would enhance the growth of beneficial microorganisms and maintain good equilibrium in the microbial community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T09:20:13Z","timestamp":1744708813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Controlled\u2010Release Biofertilizer Using Composite of Poly (Urea\u2013Formaldehyde), Date Seeds and Sulfate of Potash\u2010Magnesia (<scp>2MgSO<sub>4<\/sub><\/scp>\u00b7<scp>K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/scp>) as All\u2010Biodegradable With Antimicrobial Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0946-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda M.","family":"El\u2010Gharabawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany &amp; Microbiology Faculty of Science, Damietta University  New Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamada H.","family":"Abdel\u2010Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Damietta University  New Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Gaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Damietta University  New Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy8030031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00904"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2015.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha51112996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7662-8_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.1000385"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b04629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201022698\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.22892"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"798","article-title":"Easy Method for Obtaining Slow Release Biofertilizer Enriched With Maine Plant Residue","volume":"12","author":"Rivera Y. H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Materials and Environmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EN00721A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2024.104039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729\u2010023\u201001432\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156688"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065\u2010024\u201001180\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EN00721A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870\u2010024\u201005309\u20109"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Candiduria: A Review of Clinical Significanceand Management","volume":"19","author":"Bukhary Z. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377\u20104929.118703"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","article-title":"Phytochemical Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, Pharmacokinetic, in silico Molecular Docking and Interaction Analysis of Ajwa (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Palm Date Seeds","author":"Elkahoui S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","article-title":"Phoenix dactylifera): An Emerging Plant in Pharmacological Research","volume":"27","author":"Mallhi T. H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.598851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"281","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Some Extracts Against Most Nosocomial Bacterial Infections","volume":"9","author":"Deyab M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Botany"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2010-032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"E. M.Soliman \u201cThe Biological and Physical Control of Some Fungi and Their Associated Mycotoxins \u201d (PhD thesis Faculty of Science Damietta University Egypt 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics","author":"ASTM D695\u201015","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.3.c34"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11113251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141\u20103910(01)00163\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2007.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5954636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.03.039"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Treatment of Pharmaceutical Effluent Using Seed of Phoenix Dactylifera as a Natural Coagulant","volume":"9","author":"Iloamaeke I. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Basic Physical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814\u2010014\u20100216\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.03.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998312448678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.8.1.283\u2010301"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","first-page":"13017","article-title":"TGA, DSC, DTG Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced With Feather Fibers of \u2018Emu\u2019 Bird","volume":"3","author":"Sekhar V. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","volume-title":"Thermal Analysis: Fundamentals and Applications to Polymer Science Strategies","author":"Hatakeyama T.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965\u2010014\u20100374\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA08082D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7588"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684408089129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201500622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.gpp3\u20100032\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.013227\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2023.182374.1429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/456878"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"Miconazole Activity Against Candida Biofilms Developed on Acrylic Discs","volume":"65","author":"Gebremedhin S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439\u20100434.2007.01394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.J19\u201003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.OA.01.2018.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS\u201011\u201011\u20100974\u2010RE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111626"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i3.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010018\u20100186\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25598-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2019.1649520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2022.110760"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1045"}],"container-title":["Biopolymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bip.70016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T08:55:55Z","timestamp":1747299355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bip.70016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bip.70016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bip.70016","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3525","1097-0282"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3525","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0282","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70016"}}