{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T03:54:39Z","timestamp":1768622079382,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biopolymers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polyacrylamide (PAAm) was made from acrylamide (AAm), polycarbondisulfide (PCS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from carbon disulfide (CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and their copolymer P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at a fixed equal ratio using gamma irradiation. The polymers were characterized using Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CHNS\/O elemental microanalysis, x\u2010ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results demonstrated the effective synthesis of PAAm, PCS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), with the copolymer having an average molecular weight of 187,673\u2009Da. The produced polymers were tested for their cytotoxic and pro\u2010apoptotic effects on human pancreatic carcinoma (PANC\u20101) cells in light of the urgent need for efficient treatments against this aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. With half\u2010maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of &gt;\u2009500\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for PAAm, 156\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for PCS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and 99.2\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), the copolymer demonstrated superior cytotoxic potential. Flow cytometric analysis provided additional support for these findings. Treatment with 125\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of PAAm resulted in 4.8% early and 13.3% late apoptosis, whereas PCS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at the same concentration caused 30.8% early and 18.5% late apoptosis. Notably, 125\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) caused a significant increase in apoptosis, resulting in 39.3% of early apoptotic cell populations and 28.6% of late apoptotic cell populations. According to gene expression analysis, P53, Caspase\u20103, Caspase\u20107, and Bax genes were upregulated and Bcl\u20102 was downregulated after treatment with 125\u2009\u03bcg\/mL of PCS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). However, PAAm had no significant impact on these apoptotic markers. In comparison to untreated PANC\u20101 cells, P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) showed the strongest response, resulting in significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) increases in P53 (4.4\u2010fold), Caspase\u20103 (2.9\u2010fold), Caspase\u20107 (8.3\u2010fold), and Bax (5.5\u2010fold) expression levels, while Bcl\u20102 expression was significantly reduced (0.09\u2010fold). In conclusion, the produced copolymer P(AAm\/CS\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) exhibits a strong anticancer effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis, thereby supporting its potential as a promising polymer\u2010based therapeutic agent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T12:31:01Z","timestamp":1764592261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eco\u2010Friendly Influence of Gamma\u2010Irradiation on (Acrylamide\/Carbon Disulfide) as a Potential Anticancer Agent Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Pancreatic Carcinoma Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Sanna R.","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Chemistry Department National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salwa A.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Chemistry Department National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Awadallah\u2010F","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Chemistry Department National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanaa Y.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) Al\u2010Azhar University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monda M.M.","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Radiation Research Department National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2014.17228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2014.16055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/jgele.15.00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1680\/JGELE.15.00163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00986445.2018.1523151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16865\/j.cnki.1000\u20107555.2016.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.11.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8230965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Polyacrylamide","author":"Abramova L. 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