{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:12:33Z","timestamp":1791256353690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biopolymers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sulfated polysaccharides from the red microalgae\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyridium cruentum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    demonstrate unique physicochemical properties and antiviral activity. Despite growing interest, it is yet unclear how the sulfates within these polysaccharides affect their rheological properties and whether they are required for the antiviral activity. We report a nondestructive method to deplete sulfates from these polysaccharides by directly exposing the growth medium to a moderate electric field (3.43\u2009V\/cm); a 5\u2009min exposure yielded a polysaccharide fraction around the cathode, which we collected and compared to polysaccharides extracted via a traditional, ethanol\u2010based method. Although the electric field did not affect the sugar composition of the polysaccharide and retained its gel\u2010like properties, it substantially reduced its sulfate content (from 5.8% to 1.2%), viscosity (by fivefold), and stiffness (by eightfold) relative to the ethanol\u2010separated fraction. Yet, the bioactivity of the sulfate\u2010depleted polysaccharide against\n                    <jats:italic>Herpes simplex<\/jats:italic>\n                    virus 1 was only slightly reduced (~15%), suggesting that the sulfate groups do not significantly contribute to the antiviral potency of this polysaccharide. The reported electric\u2010field separation methods is, therefore, a simple, straightforward, and nontoxic means for the direct recovery of desulfated polysaccharides from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. cruentum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cultures, yielding a low\u2010toxicity and highly stable gel\u2010like material with enhanced amenability for antiviral applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:19:05Z","timestamp":1773029945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electric Method for the Desulfation of Polysaccharides From Red Microalgae (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Porphyridium cruentum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) Cultures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oshrat","family":"Levy\u2010Ontman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Shamoon College of Engineering  Beer\u2010sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4139-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amikam","family":"Bar\u2010Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa  Haifa Israel"},{"name":"Phycoferm Ida  Faro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Shemesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa  Haifa Israel"},{"name":"Morris Kahn Marine Research Station  Sdot\u2010Yam Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Huliehel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehudit","family":"Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savyon Diagnostics Ltd  Ashdod Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naama","family":"Landes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savyon Diagnostics Ltd  Ashdod Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonatan","family":"Sadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savyon Diagnostics Ltd  Ashdod Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Tchernov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa  Haifa Israel"},{"name":"Morris Kahn Marine Research Station  Sdot\u2010Yam Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.54.2.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Biopolymer\u2010Based Materials: From Blends and Composites to Gels and Complex Networks","author":"Sabu T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260330506"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.11.2990-2994.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94982-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)83932-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-8524(91)90154-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118567166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(91)80136-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(89)84045-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(90)80116-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2008.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2004.02177.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.175042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4044(199810)49:10\/11<549::AID-APOL549>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(95)00305-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"E.Eteshola \u201cA Non\u2010Covalently Bound Cell\u2010Wall Glycoprotein of the Red Microalga Porphyridium sp.: Characterization and Functions \u201d PhD thesis Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev 1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la060600x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Polysaccharides","author":"Jesus Raposo M. 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