{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T21:44:46Z","timestamp":1762897486394,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,7]],"date-time":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1005091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several microbiologically produced biomolecules have been shown to degrade chlorinated contaminants found in groundwater systems. It was discovered that the cell\u2010free exudates of the methanogen <jats:italic>Methanosarcina thermophila<\/jats:italic> were capable of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF) degradation. Characterization of the exudates suggested that the active agents were porphorinogen\u2010type molecules, possibly containing zinc. This research was performed to determine if the exudates from <jats:italic>M. thermophila<\/jats:italic> could be used for remediation purposes. The cell exudates were found to be capable of degrading CT, CF, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and 1,1,1\u2010trichloroethane. CT degradation was used to gauge exudate activity under a variety of conditions that would be encountered in the environment. The cell exudates were active when incubated in two types of soil matrices and at temperatures ranging from 4 to 23\u00b0C. Over a 35\u2010day period approximately 10.2 \u03bcmoles of CT were degraded by <jats:italic>M. thermophila<\/jats:italic> exudates. To test the hypothesis that the exudates contained either a zinc porphorinogen or a quinone, experiments were performed with zinc 5,10,15,20\u2010tetra (4\u2010pyridyl)\u201021 H, 23 H\u2010porphine tetrakis, protoporphyrin IX zinc, and juglone. The two zinc porphyrins were capable of mediating CT degradation at rates comparable to those observed with the <jats:italic>M. thermophila<\/jats:italic> exudates; however, juglone was only capable of very slow CT transformation. The electron\u2010transfer activity of the <jats:italic>M. thermophila<\/jats:italic> cell exudates was therefore more consistent with the activity of porphorinogens rather than quinones. Finally, in two enrichment cultures established from aquifer material and marine sediment, the possibility of excreted agents capable of degrading CT was evident. \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 634\u2013641, 2001.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T17:17:12Z","timestamp":1030295832000},"page":"634-641","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of various environmental conditions on the transformation of chlorinated solvents by <i>Methanosarcina thermophila<\/i> cell exudates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Baeseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige J.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,7]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","year":"1998","author":"American Public Health Association","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es960116o"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es980553y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"424","volume-title":"Groundwater microbiology and geochemistry","author":"Chapelle FH","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es950477o"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"507","volume-title":"In\u2010situ and on\u2010site bioremediation","author":"Dybas M","year":"1997"},{"volume-title":"Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences","year":"1993","author":"Fisher LD","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00016a017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es950327d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00264011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.5.1258-1261.1989","article-title":"Dehalogenation of lindane by a variety of porphyrins and corrins","volume":"55","author":"Marks TS","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl Environ Micro"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Physical and thermal techn","author":"Mowder CS","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35011098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es971069i"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es970912"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Public Health Laboratory Service Board. 1989. 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