{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:24:54Z","timestamp":1764102294719,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,4]],"date-time":"2002-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1031097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biological leaching of sulfide minerals, used for the production of gold, copper, zinc, cobalt, and other metals, is very often carried out in slurry bioreactors, where the shearing between sulfide particles is intensive. In order to be able to improve the efficiency of the bioleaching, it is of significant importance to know the effect of particle shearing on the rate of leaching. The recently proposed concept of ore immobilization allowed us to study the effect of particle shearing on the rate of sulfide (pyrite) leaching by <jats:italic>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.<\/jats:italic> Using this concept, we designed two very similar bioreactors, the main difference between which was the presence and absence of particle\u2013particle shearing. It was shown that when the oxygen mass transfer was not the rate\u2010limiting step, the rate of bioleaching in the frictionless bioreactor was 2.5 times higher than that in a bioreactor with particle friction (shearing). The concentration of free suspended cells in the frictionless bioreactor was by orders of magnitude lower than that in the frictional bioreactor, which showed that particle friction strongly reduces the microbial attachment to sulfide surface, which, in turn, reduces the rate of bioleaching. Surprisingly, it was found that formation of a layer of insoluble iron salts on the surface of sulfide particles is much slower under shearless conditions than in the presence of particle\u2013particle shearing. This was explained by the effect of particle friction on liquid\u2013solid mass transfer rate. The results of this study show that reduction of the particle friction during bioleaching of sulfide minerals can bring important advantages not only by increasing significantly the bioleaching rate, but also by increasing the rate of gas\u2013liquid oxygen mass transfer, reducing the formation of iron precipitates and reducing the energy consumption. One of the efficient methods for reduction of particle friction is ore immobilization in a porous matrix.  \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. <jats:italic>Biotechnol Bioeng<\/jats:italic> <jats:bold>80:<\/jats:bold> 349\u2013357, 2002.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T18:56:13Z","timestamp":1034103373000},"page":"349-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effect of particle\u2013particle shearing on the bioleaching of sulfide minerals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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