{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:04:22Z","timestamp":1762077862705,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,9]],"date-time":"2001-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":989366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp;amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contamination of groundwater by chlorinated solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) and chloroform (CHCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) is a widespread problem. The cell exudates from the methanogen <jats:italic>Methanosarcina thermophila<\/jats:italic> are active in the degradation of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and CHCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. This research was performed to characterize these exudates. Examination of the influence of pH indicated that activity was greater under alkaline conditions. Rapid CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> degradation occurred from 35\u201365\u00b0C, with first\u2010order degradation rate coefficients increasing as temperature increased. It was found that proteins were not responsible for CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> degradation. The active agents in the cell exudates were &lt;10 kDa in size, with degradation activity present in both 1\u201310 kDa and &lt;1 kDa size ranges. Upon purification of the &lt;10 kDa size range of the cell exudates on a C<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> chromatography column, 17 fractions (out of 100) degraded &gt;50% of the added CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> in 8 h. These 17 fractions were pooled into three samples based on their elution time from the C<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> column. One of these pooled samples contained elevated levels of cobalt, zinc, and iron, at 2, 3, and 13 times the levels measured in similarly fractionated and pooled samples of medium, respectively. The UV\u2010visible spectrum of this pooled sample had an absorption maximum at 560\u2013580 nm, which is similar to the absorption maxima of heme (approximately 550 and 575 nm). The two other pooled samples contained elevated levels of zinc at 11 and 22 times the concentration measured in similarly fractionated and pooled samples of medium, respectively, and also contained very low levels of nickel, cobalt, and iron. This research suggests that the cell exudates from <jats:italic>M. thermophila<\/jats:italic> contain porphorinogen\u2010type molecules capable of dechlorination, possibly excreted corrinoids, hemes, and zinc\u2010containing molecules.  \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74; 12\u201317, 2001.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.1090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T18:07:03Z","timestamp":1030298823000},"page":"12-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Investigation of cell exudates active in carbon tetrachloride and chloroform degradation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Brad W.","family":"Koons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Baeseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige J.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.8.3272"},{"volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater","year":"1998","author":"APHA (American Public Health Association)","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00051a010"},{"volume-title":"The Merck index","year":"1996","author":"Badavari S","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.9.3195-3201.1995","article-title":"Chloroform degradation in methanogenic methanol enrichment cultures and by Methanosarcina barkeri 227","volume":"61","author":"Bagley DM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Volatile organic chemical contamination of groundwater resources in the U.S","volume":"58","author":"Barbash J","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Water Pollut Control Fed"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00060a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.4.1286-1294.1983","article-title":"Transformations of 1\u2010carbon and 2\u2010carbon halogenated aliphatic organic compounds under methanogenic conditions","volume":"45","author":"Bouwer EJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00003a006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.2.758-762.1995","article-title":"Localization and characterization of the carbon tetrachloride transformation activity of Pseudomonas sp. strain KC","volume":"61","author":"Dybas MJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00016a017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.13.4427-4434.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.8.2481-2487.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00437a057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00452a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00264011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.56.4.1198-1201.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es971069i"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es970785h"},{"volume-title":"Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and other halomethanes: an environmental assessment","year":"1978","author":"NRC (National Research Council)","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"PfiffnerSM PhelpsTJ andPalumboAV.2000.Bioaugmentation potential at a carbon tetrachloride contaminated site. 2ndInternational Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds Monterey CA. 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