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After 7 months of continuous enrichment and air aeration at 37\u00b0C, the iron oxidation rate of 8.2 g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (4.5\u00b710<jats:sup>\u221212<\/jats:sup> g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> cell<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) was obtained at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.6 h. However, oxygen supply became the rate\u2010limiting factor. With gas mixture (99.5% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \/0.5% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (vol\/vol)) aeration and HRT of 0.2 h, the iron oxidation rate was 26.4 g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (1.0\u00b710<jats:sup>\u221211<\/jats:sup> g Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> cell<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). <jats:italic>Leptospirillum<\/jats:italic> sp. was predominant in the mesophilic fluidized\u2010bed reactor (FBR) enrichment culture as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization, while <jats:italic>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans<\/jats:italic> was not detected. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the amplified partial 16S rDNA showed only three bands, indicating a simple microbial community. DGGE fragment excision and sequencing showed that the populations were related to <jats:italic>L. ferriphilum<\/jats:italic> (100% similarity in sequence) and possibly to the genus <jats:italic>Ferroplasma<\/jats:italic> (96% similarity to <jats:italic>F. acidiphilum<\/jats:italic>). Jarosite precipitates accumulated on the top of the activated carbon biomass carrier material, increasing the rate of iron oxidation. The activated carbon carrier material, jarosite precipitates, and reactor liquid contained 59% (or 3.71\u00b710<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> cells g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), 31% (or 3.12\u00b710<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> cells g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and 10% (or 1.24\u00b710<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> cells mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) of the total FBR microbes, respectively, demonstrating that the jarosite precipitates played an important role in the FBR biomass retainment. \u00a9 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,11]],"date-time":"2004-02-11T04:00:30Z","timestamp":1076472030000},"page":"683-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High\u2010rate ferric sulfate generation by a <i>Leptospirillum ferriphilum<\/i>\u2010dominated biofilm and the role of jarosite in biomass retainment in a fluidized\u2010bed reactor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"P\u00e4ivi H.\u2010M.","family":"Kinnunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko A.","family":"Puhakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Anonymous.1976.Determination of iron of water. 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