{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:20:46Z","timestamp":1790652046966,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp;amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Rhizopus microsporus<\/jats:italic> was grown in an attached growth system using corn wet\u2010milling effluent as a growth medium. This strain was chosen due to its ability to effectively degrade organic matter in corn wet\u2010milling effluent and for its properties to produce significant levels of protein, chitin and chitosan. Fungal growth and organic removal efficiency were examined under both aseptic and non\u2010aseptic conditions with and without nutrient supplementation. Plastic composite support (PCS) tubes, composed of 50% (w\/w) polypropylene (PP) and 50% (w\/w) agricultural products were used as support media. Significantly higher organic removal measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biomass yield were observed in the bioreactor with PCS tubes than in two control bioreactors; that is with PP tubes alone and suspended growth (without support media). This confirmed that the PCS support medium with agricultural components enhanced fungal growth and organic removal. The results showed that supplementation of nutrients (e.g., mineral salts) under aseptic conditions enhanced the COD removal from 50% to 55% and observed biomass yield from 0.11 to 0.16 g (dry\u2010weight)\/g\u2009COD<jats:sub>removed<\/jats:sub> (i.e., from 0.10 to 0.14 g volatile solids (VS)\/g\u2009COD<jats:sub>removed<\/jats:sub> approximately). Non\u2010aseptic operation without nutrient supplementation resulted in an observed biomass yield of 0.32 g volatile suspended solids (VSS)\/g\u2009COD<jats:sub>removed<\/jats:sub> with no significant improvement in COD removal (\u223c53%); whereas with nutrient supplementation, the observed biomass yield increased to 0.56 g\u2009VSS\/g\u2009COD<jats:sub>removed<\/jats:sub> and COD removal improved to 85%. The fungal system was able to degrade the organic matter with concomitant production of high\u2010value fungal biomass. This is the first study that examined the conversion of corn milling waste stream into high value fungal protein. 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