{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:11:51Z","timestamp":1790759511470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]],"date-time":"2009-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp;amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of CdSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> additions on the gene expressions of a mercury reductase, <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic>, an oxidative stress protein, <jats:italic>trxA<\/jats:italic>, the ammonia\u2010monooxygenase enzyme (AMO), <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic>, and the hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzyme (HAO), <jats:italic>hao<\/jats:italic>, were examined in continuously cultured <jats:italic>N. europaea<\/jats:italic> cells. The reactor was fed 50\u2009mM NH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>+ and was operated for 78 days with a 6.9 days hydraulic retention time. Over this period, six successive batch additions of CdSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> were made with increasing maximum concentrations ranging from 1 to 60\u2009\u00b5M Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. The expression of <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic> was highly correlated with the level of Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> within the reactor (Rs\u2009=\u20090.90) with significant up\u2010regulation measured at non\u2010inhibitory Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentrations. Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> appears to target AMO specifically at lower concentrations and caused oxidative stress at higher concentrations, as indicated by the SOURs (specific oxygen uptake rates) and the up\u2010regulation of <jats:italic>trxA<\/jats:italic>. Since Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> inhibition is irreversible and <jats:italic>amoA<\/jats:italic> was up\u2010regulated in response to Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> inhibition, it is hypothesized that de novo synthesis of the AMO enzyme occurred and was responsible for the observed recovery in activity. Continuously cultured <jats:italic>N. europaea<\/jats:italic> cells were more resistant to Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> inhibition than previously examined batch cultured cells due to the presence of Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in the growth media, suggesting that Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> enters the cell through Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> import channels. The up\u2010regulation of <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic> during exposure to non\u2010inhibitory Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> levels indicates that <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic> is an excellent early warning signal for Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> inhibition. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1004\u20131011. \u00a9 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,2]],"date-time":"2009-07-02T14:01:24Z","timestamp":1246543284000},"page":"1004-1011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Expression of <i>merA<\/i>, <i>trxA<\/i>, <i>amoA<\/i>, and <i>hao<\/i> in continuously cultured <i>Nitrosomonas europaea<\/i> cells exposed to cadmium sulfate additions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Tyler S.","family":"Radniecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Semprini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"APHA.1995.Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 3120B. 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