{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T14:03:37Z","timestamp":1791727417332,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A four carbon linear chain diamine, putrescine (1,4\u2010diaminobutane), is an important platform chemical having a wide range of applications in chemical industry. Biotechnological production of putrescine from renewable feedstock is a promising alternative to the chemical synthesis that originates from non\u2010renewable petroleum. Here we report development of a metabolically engineered strain of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    that produces putrescine at high titer in glucose mineral salts medium. First, a base strain was constructed by inactivating the putrescine degradation and utilization pathways, and deleting the ornithine carbamoyltransferase chain I gene\n                    <jats:italic>argI<\/jats:italic>\n                    to make more precursors available for putrescine synthesis. Next, ornithine decarboxylase, which converts ornithine to putrescine, was amplified by a combination of plasmid\u2010based and chromosome\u2010based overexpression of the coding genes under the strong\n                    <jats:italic>tac<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>trc<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter. Furthermore, the ornithine biosynthetic genes (\n                    <jats:italic>argC\u2010E<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were overexpressed from the\n                    <jats:italic>trc<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter, which replaced the native promoter in the genome, to increase the ornithine pool. Finally, strain performance was further improved by the deletion of the stress responsive RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoS, a well\u2010known global transcription regulator that controls the expression of ca. 10% of the\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. The final engineered\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain was able to produce 1.68\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of putrescine with a yield of 0.168\u2009g\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    glucose. Furthermore, high cell density cultivation allowed production of 24.2\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of putrescine with a productivity of 0.75\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The strategy reported here should be useful for the bio\u2010based production of putrescine from renewable resources, and also for the development of strains capable of producing other diamines, which are important as nitrogen\u2010containing platform chemicals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 651\u2013662 \u00a9 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T10:05:35Z","timestamp":1251367535000},"page":"651-662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["Metabolic engineering of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    for the production of putrescine: A four carbon diamine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Zhi\u2010Gang","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Xia","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Yup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1131969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29088-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705884200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CharlierD GlansdorffN.2004.Biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines. 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