{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:29:22Z","timestamp":1789212562549,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]],"date-time":"2012-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp;amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saline water supply has been successfully practiced for toilet flushing in Hong Kong since 1950s, which saves 22% of freshwater in Hong Kong. In order to extend the benefits of saline water supply into saline sewage management, we have recently developed a novel biological organics and nitrogen removal process: the Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification, and Nitrification Integrated (SANI\u00ae) process. The key features of this novel process include elimination of oxygen demand in organic matter removal and production of minimal sludge. Following the success of a 500\u2010day lab\u2010scale trial, this study reports a pilot scale evaluation of this novel process treating 10\u2009m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\/day of 6\u2010mm screened saline sewage in Hong Kong. The SANI\u00ae pilot plant consisted of a sulfate reduction up\u2010flow sludge bed (SRUSB) reactor, an anoxic bioreactor for autotrophic denitrification and an aerobic bioreactor for nitrification. The plant was operated at a steady state for 225 days, during which the average removal efficiencies of both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) at 87% and no excess sludge was purposefully withdrawn. Furthermore, a tracer test revealed 5% short circuit flow and a 34.6% dead zone in the SRUSB, indicating a good possibility to further optimize the treatment capacity of the process for full\u2010scale application. Compared with conventional biological nitrogen removal processes, the SANI\u00ae process reduces 90% of waste sludge, which saves 35% of the energy and reduces 36% of fossil CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emission. The SANI\u00ae process not only eliminates the major odor sources originating from primary treatment and subsequent sludge treatment and disposal during secondary saline sewage treatment, but also promotes saline water supply as an economic and sustainable solution for water scarcity and sewage treatment in water\u2010scarce coastal areas. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2778\u20132789. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T12:41:52Z","timestamp":1335876112000},"page":"2778-2789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The demonstration of a novel sulfur cycle\u2010based wastewater treatment process: Sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, and nitrification integrated (SANI\u00ae) biological nitrogen removal process"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Ekama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.M.","family":"van Loosdrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang\u2010Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Salt inhibition effects on simultaneous heterotrophic\/autotrophic denitrification of high nitrate wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Abiminzadeh B","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Standard methods for the examination of water and 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