{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:30:28Z","timestamp":1773081028685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,18]],"date-time":"2004-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1077062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5522,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anoxic\u2013oxic activated\u2010sludge process has been evaluated in a laboratory investigation as a means for effective treatment of cyanide\u2010laden wastewaters, with phenols used as the organic carbon sources for denitrification reactions. The performance of the process was evaluated at different levels of feed cyanide concentration and mean cell residence time (MCRT). The results obtained indicate that the phenolic compounds used can be effectively used as the organic carbon sources to promote denitrification reactions. The effects of cyanide inhibition on overall TOC removal can be alleviated at longer MCRTs. Between 1.2 and 2.2 g TOC can be utilized per gram NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> + NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> \u2010N removed in the anoxic chamber depending on the prevailing MCRT. Microbial oxidation of cyanide and thiocyanate which yields ammonia is the main mechanism responsible for the removal of cyanide and thiocyanate observed in the anoxic\u2013oxic activated\u2010sludge process. Excellent removal efficiencies have been observed with feed concentrations up to 60 mg CN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/L and 100 mg SCN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/L Frequent exposure of autotrophic and aerobic cyanideutilizing microbes does not impede their activities in the oxic environment. Good nitrification and denitrification efficiencies are attainable in the anoxic\u2013oxic activated\u2010sludge process in the presence of high feed cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations, provided that MCRT is maintained at a desirable level. As a result, the microbial degradation of cyanide and thiocyanate in conjunction with nitrification and denitrification to produce innocuous nitrogen gas is feasible in the anoxic\u2013oxic activated\u2010sludge process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260330106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,29]],"date-time":"2004-12-29T12:41:41Z","timestamp":1104324101000},"page":"32-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Anoxic\u2013oxic activated\u2010sludge of cyanides and phenols"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Deanna J.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen K.","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408418109085079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"325","volume":"53","author":"Luthy R. G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"333","volume":"58","author":"Chao Y. M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Con. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643388309381704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","unstructured":"R. H. L.Howe Proc. 18th Purdue Ind. Waste Conf. 690(1963)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90186-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"315","volume":"58","author":"Fisher C. W.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Blast Furn. Steel Pl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(79)90020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"199","volume":"41","author":"Kostenbader P. E.","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Contr Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"192","volume":"56","author":"Melcer H.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut Contr. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"J. J.Ganczarczyk Proc. 35th Purdue Ind. Waste Conf. 325(1980)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"14","volume":"50","author":"Komow J.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"A. E. J.PettetandG. C.Ware Chem. Ind. 1232(1955)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/175900a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m69-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"473","volume":"9","author":"Howe R. H. L.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int. J. Air Water Pollut."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.05.070136.003101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/169332a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-11-2-139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"285","volume":"55","author":"Putilina N. T.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-55-2-285"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1128\/br.40.3.652-680.1976","volume":"40","author":"Knowles C. J.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5010040809"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"C. F.Gurnham Proc. 10th Purdue Ind. Waste Conf. 186(1955)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"439","volume":"106","author":"Ludzack F. J.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Purdue Univ. Eng. Bull. Ext. Serv."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-1471(85)90012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260150506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260150507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"347","volume":"28","author":"Sala\u2010Trepat J. M.","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260171105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260170809"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es00097a002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"J. J.GanczarczykandD.Elion Proc. 33rd Purdue Ind. Waste Conf. 895(1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(86)90054-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","first-page":"1503","volume":"53","author":"Tabak H. H.","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","first-page":"2283","volume":"51","author":"Neufeld R. D.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","unstructured":"A.BhattacharyyaandA. C.Middleton paper presented at the 35th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 1980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","unstructured":"B. W.MedwithandJ. F.Lefelhocz paper presented at the 36th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1985.0148","volume":"17","author":"Becarri M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Wat. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.670030408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260241118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260280103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","volume-title":"Process Design Manual for Nitrogen Control","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology and Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbit.260330106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bit.260330106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:53:26Z","timestamp":1760036006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bit.260330106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bit.260330106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.260330106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3592","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,1,5]]}}}