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Since their morphology is strongly linked to productivity, it is a key parameter in industrial biotechnology. However, identifying the morphological properties of filamentous fungi is challenging. Owing to a lack of appropriate methods, the detailed three\u2010dimensional morphology of filamentous pellets remains unexplored. In the present study, we used state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art X\u2010ray microtomography (\u00b5CT) to develop a new method for detailed characterization of fungal pellets. \u00b5CT measurements were performed using freeze\u2010dried pellets obtained from submerged cultivations. Three\u2010dimensional images were generated and analyzed to locate and quantify hyphal material, tips, and branches. As a result, morphological properties including hyphal length, tip number, branch number, hyphal growth unit, porosity, and hyphal average diameter were ascertained. To validate the potential of the new method, two fungal pellets were studied\u2014one from\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the other from\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We show here that\u00a0\u00b5CT analysis is a promising tool to study the three\u2010dimensional structure of pellet\u2010forming filamentous microorganisms in utmost detail. The knowledge gained can be used to understand and thus optimize pellet structures by means of appropriate process or genetic control in biotechnological applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T12:28:29Z","timestamp":1550233709000},"page":"1355-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["An X\u2010ray microtomography\u2010based method for detailed analysis of the three\u2010dimensional morphology of fungal pellets"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schmideder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiaan","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Thalhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijana","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Niessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Technische Mikrobiologie Technical University of Munich Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Briesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Process Systems Engineering Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-009-0552-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.2087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_5_1","volume-title":"More gene manipulations in fungi","author":"Bennett J. 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