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We hypothesized that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) would improve growth and healing of tissue\u2010engineered cartilage grafts in a direction\u2010dependent manner. PEMF stimulation of engineered cartilage constructs was first evaluated in vitro using passaged adult canine chondrocytes embedded in an agarose hydrogel scaffold. PEMF coils oriented parallel to the articular surface induced superior repair stiffness compared to both perpendicular PEMF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.026) and control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.012). This was correlated with increased glycosaminoglycan deposition in both parallel and perpendicular PEMF orientations compared to control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.010 and .028, respectively). Following in vitro optimization, the potential clinical translation of PEMF was evaluated in a preliminary in vivo preclinical adult canine model. Engineered osteochondral constructs (\u2205 6\u2009mm\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u2009mm thick, devitalized bone base) were cultured to maturity and implanted into focal defects created in the stifle (knee) joint. To assess expedited early repair, animals were assessed after a 3\u2010month recovery period, with microfracture repairs serving as an additional clinical control. In vivo, PEMF led to a greater likelihood of normal chondrocyte (odds ratio [OR]: 2.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.051) and proteoglycan (OR: 5.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.013) histological scores in engineered constructs. Interestingly, engineered constructs outperformed microfracture in clinical scoring, regardless of PEMF treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Overall, the studies provided evidence that PEMF stimulation enhanced engineered cartilage growth and repair, demonstrating a potential low\u2010cost, low\u2010risk, noninvasive treatment modality for expediting early cartilage repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T07:23:10Z","timestamp":1580109790000},"page":"1584-1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote repair of focal articular cartilage defects with engineered osteochondral constructs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Stefani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Setti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGEA Clinical Biophysics Carpi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Stoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri Columbia MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard A.","family":"Ateshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruggero","family":"Cadossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGEA Clinical Biophysics Carpi Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordana","family":"Vunjak\u2010Novakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy K.","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri Columbia MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Chlo\u00eb","family":"Bulinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clark T.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Pain in osteoarthritis","volume":"87","author":"Aaron R. K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine and Health, Rhode Island"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Board of Directors. (2013). Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: Evidence\u2010based guideline (2nd ed.). 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