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The system is based on an AD5933 impedance analyzer chip, a microfluidic chip, and an Arduino microcontroller operated by a custom Android application. A representative case study on human red blood cells (RBCs) affected by sickle cell disease is conducted to demonstrate the capability of the cytometry system. Impedance values of sickle blood samples exhibit remarkable deviations from the common reference line obtained from two normal blood samples. Such deviation is quantified by a conformity score, which allows for the measurement of intrapatient and interpatient variations of sickle cell disease. A low conformity score under oxygenated conditions or drastically different conformity scores between oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions can be used to differentiate a sickle blood sample from normal. Furthermore, an equivalent circuit model of a suspended biological cell is used to interpret the electrical impedance of single flowing RBCs. In response to hypoxia treatment, all samples, regardless of disease state, exhibit significant changes in at least one single\u2010cell electrical property, that is, cytoplasmic resistance and membrane capacitance. The overall response to hypoxia is less in normal cells than those affected by sickle cell disease, where the change in membrane capacitance varies from \u221223% to seven times as compared with \u221217% in normal cells. The results reported in this article suggest that the developed method of testing demonstrates the potential application for a low\u2010cost screening technique for sickle cell disease and other diseases in the field and low\u2010resource settings. The developed system and methodology can be extended to analyze cellular response to hypoxia in other cell types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T13:24:23Z","timestamp":1625664263000},"page":"4041-4051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A portable impedance microflow cytometer for measuring cellular response to hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Darryl","family":"Dieujuste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, and the Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, and the Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, and the Department of Biological Sciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u2010Ali A. Elwakil A. S. Ahmad A. &Maundy B.(2017). Design of a portable low\u2010cost impedance analyzer.Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies \u2010 Volume 1: BIODEVICES (BIOSTEC 2017) 104\u2013109.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5220\/0006121901040109","DOI":"10.5220\/0006121901040109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Clinical methods: The history, physical, and laboratory examinations","author":"Billett H. H.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00472c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breniuc L. David V. &Haba C.\u2010G.(2014).Wearable impedance analyzer based on AD5933. Paper presented at the 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEPE.2014.6969977"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20910"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.80670"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.051250"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-007-0117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Devices A.(2017). 1 MSPS 12\u2010bit impedance converter network analyzer.http:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/en\/technical-documentation\/data-sheets\/AD5933.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2010.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50540e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-018-0019-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galpayage Dona K. N. U. Liu J. Qiang Y. Du E. &Lau A.(2017).Electrical equivalent circuit model of sickle cell. 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