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To maintain the function of transplanted islets in vivo, it is imperative to induce angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis triggered by islets remain unclear. In this study, we introduced a microphysiological system to study the angiogenic capacity and dynamics of individual islets. The system, which features an open\u2010top structure, uniquely facilitates the inoculation of islets and the longitudinal observation of vascular formation in in vivo like microenvironment with islet\u2010endothelial cell communication. By leveraging our system, we discovered notable islet\u2212islet heterogeneity in the angiogenic capacity. Transcriptomic analysis of the vascularized islets revealed that islets with high angiogenic capacity exhibited upregulation of genes related to insulin secretion and downregulation of genes related to angiogenesis and fibroblasts. 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