{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:54:16Z","timestamp":1792601656037,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fed\u2010batch fermentation has become the preferred strategy in many industrial biomanufacturing processes. However, a key challenge remains in optimizing the feeding strategy to achieve stable maximum yields. In this study, we present an online Raman spectroscopy\u2010based monitoring and control system, using bioethanol production by\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a case study. To address the issue of limited labeled data, a pseudo\u2010labeling approach based on semi\u2010supervised learning was employed, expanding the available training data set by 100\u2010fold compared to conventional labeling methods. In addition, we developed a spectral\u2010temporal concatenation convolutional neural network (STC\u2010CNN) that incorporates sequential spectral features. Comparative evaluations with multiple machine learning algorithms demonstrated the superior performance of STC\u2010CNN, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.63\u2009g\/L for glucose prediction. The system enabled rapid and automated glucose feeding to maintain various target concentrations. Notably, a glucose setpoint of 30\u2009g\/L yielded the highest ethanol concentration of 140.68\u2009g\/L\u2014an increase of 3.85% over traditional Fed\u2010batch fermentation\u2014while reducing glycerol by 6.67%. These results highlight the significant potential of Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning for automated bioprocess optimization and discovery of optimal operating strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.29040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T01:12:26Z","timestamp":1749431546000},"page":"2366-2376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Data\u2010Augmented Deep Learning Algorithm for Accurate Control of Bioethanol Fermentation Using an Online Raman Analyzer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8800-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaidi","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Science Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing of Computer Images and Graphic Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subphotonic Technologies Co. Ltd (Shenzhen) Shenzhen P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subphotonic Technologies Co. Ltd (Shenzhen) Shenzhen P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2341-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao P.R. China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingping","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao P.R. China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Shanghai P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinlan","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Agarap A. F.2018. \u201cDeep Learning Using Rectified Linear Units (relu).\u201darXiv preprint arXiv: 1803.08375."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6973103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"200","article-title":"The Role of UV\u2010Visible Spectroscopy for Phenolic Compounds Quantification in Winemaking","volume":"1","author":"Aleixandre\u2010Tudo J. L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207304"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"4262","article-title":"Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Fermentation Evaluation of Resource Microorganisms","volume":"62","author":"Bao W.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Microbiologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702817703270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04620-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5140722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5040079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fox044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6073-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-014-0007-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-10901-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2022.2054299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-021-01780-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2622668"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13022"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology and Bioengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bit.29040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:34:08Z","timestamp":1760038448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bit.29040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bit.29040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.29040","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3592","1097-0290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3592","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}