{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:15:12Z","timestamp":1791954912583,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pyrogallol (benzene\u20101,2,3\u2010triol) is a simple polyphenol whose vicinal trihydroxyl structure imparts a potent, dualistic redox chemistry, forming the basis for both significant biotechnological promise and considerable toxicological hazard. This review moves beyond a general overview to provide a critical, data\u2010driven, and comprehensive analysis of pyrogallol's molecular mechanisms and applications. A key focus is its biotechnological potential, examining its production via metabolic engineering (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    platforms achieving &gt;\u20091\u2009g\/L titers) and its role as a foundational building block for advanced biomaterials. The high reactivity of its hydroxyl groups is leveraged in mussel\u2010inspired bioadhesives, self\u2010healing hydrogels for tissue engineering, and multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. The quantitative performance of these materials is critically analyzed, such as specific adhesion strengths and drug release kinetics. Concurrently, an in\u2010depth, quantitative assessment is presented of its therapeutic activities, detailing the IC\u2085\u2080 values and dose\u2013response relationships in various cancer and microbial models and linking them to specific pathway disruptions (e.g., PI3K\/AKT, Nrf2). This therapeutic potential is contrasted by a rigorous, expanded analysis of its toxicological profile. Specific LD\u2085\u2080\/LC\u2085\u2080 data are synthesized, and mechanistic toxicology is explored, including its biotransformation via cytochrome P450 enzymes and its role in glutathione (GSH) depletion, which underpins its well\u2010documented hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and broader ecotoxicity. This review synthesizes these conflicting \u201cpromise and peril\u201d aspects, concluding that the future of pyrogallol in biotechnology hinges on strategies\u2014namely nanocarrier\u2010based targeted delivery and covalent immobilization within polymer matrices\u2014designed to mitigate its systemic toxicity while harnessing its powerful localized reactivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1764309136000},"page":"527-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Pyrogallol: From Fundamental Chemistry to Advanced Applications and Toxicological Insights"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4341-5188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129161"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163985"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-024-00606-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"American Chemical Society Committee on Analytical Reagents. (2025).Reagent Chemicals: Specifications and Procedures for Reagents and Standard\u2010Grade Reference Materials."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","article-title":"Pyrogallolarenes in Self\u2010Assembly","volume":"1","author":"Atwood J. L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.631426"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2023.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107815"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2024.214075"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA04358K"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c11793"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","unstructured":"Cosmetic Ingredient Review. (2024).Amended Safety Assessment of Pyrogallol as Used in Cosmetics."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122886"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0232-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2002.24.8.705070"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126781"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40930"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104481"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126628"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117641"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140792"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119845"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Varied Supramolecular Chemistry of Pyrogallolarenes","author":"Holman K. 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