{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:24:14Z","timestamp":1787855054685,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET\u2010 2148629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET\u2010 2148629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malic acid, a four\u2010carbon dicarboxylic acid, represents a top value\u2010added chemical from biomass and important building\u2010block molecule for various industrial chemical processes. Currently, however, it is primarily produced from petrochemicals via an unsustainable process with high greenhouse gas intensity. Alternatively, malic acid can be produced from renewable biomass sugars via anaerobic fermentation by engineered\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . While inorganic carbon (C\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) serves as an essential co\u2010substrate in this carbon\u2010negative process, its typical delivery methods suffer from several key limitations. To address these, we systematically developed a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) bioreactor for direct and efficient delivery of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    gas in a bubbleless manner. A kinetic model for predicting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    mass transfer rates to the HFM bioreactor was first developed and used to identify process conditions where rates of C\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    delivery closely match those of biological demand, thereby minimizing wasteful oversupply. Ultimately, using a CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    delivery pressure of 2.5\u2009psig and 8 fiber HFM (4.93\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    specific surface area), a maximum malic acid titer of 38.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009g\/L was achieved at a yield of 0.94\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01 g\u2010malic acid\/g\u2010glucose; both comparable to the performance of a conventional\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    batch fermentation wherein (bi)carbonate salts were directly supplied, albeit with ~50% less CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    off\u2010gassing from the headspace. By enabling direct and efficient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    delivery while achieving greater overall carbon efficiency, the HFM bioreactor represents a promising and more sustainable design for malic acid bioproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:32:06Z","timestamp":1780896726000},"page":"2312-2323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tunable and Efficient CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Delivery Supports Robust Malic Acid Production by\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    in a Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Woodson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bennett","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bp000157v"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337684100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.19P477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie801521u"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4660(199801)71:1%3C61::AID-JCTB785%3E3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-023-02957-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1982.27.5.0849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.7.4111-4117.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5326-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03666-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01445-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6269"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-017-1991-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-010-0876-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyeabor M. 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Relief of Allosteric Inhibition redox Imbalance and Transport Limitations Enables High\u2010Yield L\u2010Malate Production in Escherichia coli. bioRxiv 722580.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.05.04.722580.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.05.04.722580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(93)90207-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-4399-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201500495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.06.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Werpy T. andG.Petersen.2004Top Value Added Chemicals From Biomass: Volume I\u2014Results of Screening for Potential Candidates fromFrom Sugars and Synthesis Gas (p. 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