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This study evaluates how microscale zero\u2010valent iron (mZVI) influences mixed\u2010nitrogen removal by\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain under anaerobic and anoxic conditions. In synthetic mixed\u2010nitrogen tests (NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N\/NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N\u2009=\u200935\/15\u2009mg\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), mZVI supplementation accelerated NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N turnover and increased total nitrogen (TN) removal to ~83% within 48\u2009h; in real wastewater (after C\/N adjustment), TN removal rose to ~92%. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated enhanced extracellular electron transfer (EET) in mZVI\u2010amended systems, while fluorescence spectroscopy showed elevated secretion of humic\u2010like substances and flavin\u2010like compounds. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of pathways and genes associated with nitrate reduction, oxidoreductase activity, cofactor (flavins) biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation, consistent with increased electron flux and energy supply. An integrated mechanism is proposed whereby mZVI stimulates EPS\u2010flavin\u2010mediated EET, coupling extracellular redox enhancement with intracellular metabolic reprogramming to promote efficient denitrification and NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N assimilation. These results clarify electron\u2010mediated controls on microbial denitrification and support the potential of mZVI as a cost\u2010effective adjunct for treating complex nitrogen\u2010laden wastewaters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.70294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:07:41Z","timestamp":1782936461000},"page":"2771-2787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["mZVI\u2010Enhanced Mixed Nitrogen Removal in\n                    <i>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/i>\n                    via Coordinated Electron Transfer and Metabolic Reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 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