{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T20:27:02Z","timestamp":1787084822928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biotech &amp; Bioengineering"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Temperature exerts a critical influence upon coffee fermentation, driving microbial metabolic pathways, acidification kinetics, and post\u2010harvest bean quality. This study presents an integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD)\u2013experimental validation framework to analyze a temperature\u2010controlled coffee fermentation bioreactor utilizing an external water\u2010jacket system. To establish a computationally efficient engineering design tool, transient CFD simulations were executed utilizing a specialized macro\u2010scale bulk fluid domain. Spatial discretization integrity was verified via a rigorous grid convergence index study, yielding a low numerical uncertainty (GCI\n                    <jats:sub>21<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.47%). Large\u2010scale (25\u2009kg) experimental trials conducted across three distinct thermal boundaries (17\u00b0C\u201320\u00b0C, 23\u00b0C\u201326\u00b0C, and 32\u00b0C\u201335\u00b0C) confirmed excellent thermal control stability, maintaining coefficients of variation below 5% and uniformity indices above 0.95. Macro\u2010scale energy modeling reproduced the mean measured reactor temperature with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 8.38%, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.16\u00b0C, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.24\u00b0C. It should be emphasized that the experimental validation was limited to the volume\u2010averaged (bulk) reactor temperature at two operating conditions; the predicted spatial temperature distribution and transient flow field were not directly validated. This indicates that a simplified bulk\u2010domain approach can approximate macro\u2010scale thermal performance while avoiding costly multi\u2010phase porous media overhead. Fermentation temperature strongly influenced processing kinetics and physical bean characteristics. Operating at 32\u00b0C\u201335\u00b0C maximized physical acceleration, driving a rapid pH reduction (to 4.14 within 12.0\u2009h) and lowering residual mucilage to 11.2%. These effects, together with the significantly faster fermentation duration, were statistically significant (one\u2010way ANOVA,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Conversely, the 23\u00b0C\u201326\u00b0C range produced a statistically significant non\u2010monotonic acidification response (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); we hypothesize that this reflects a shift in the dominant microbial pathway within the spontaneous mixed culture, although this interpretation was not confirmed by microbiological analysis. Bulk density and bean weight did not differ significantly among treatments (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.25 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.91, respectively). These findings define a heat\u2010transfer design space for temperature\u2010regulated agricultural bioreactors that balances computational efficiency with physical processing predictability, within the bulk\u2010thermal scope validated here.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.70351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T19:44:24Z","timestamp":1787082264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Validated Macro\u2010Scale CFD Thermal Framework for a Temperature\u2010Controlled Coffee Fermentation Bioreactor: Integrated Heat\u2010Transfer Simulation and Experimental Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif Rahman","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0302-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raka Mahendra","family":"Sulistyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2141-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tri Retno","family":"Setiyawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nila","family":"Nurlina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tegar","family":"Armanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syahrul","family":"Pratomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tidar Magelang 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