{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:40:23Z","timestamp":1774039223368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]],"date-time":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) assesses the lymphatic drainage of the arm simultaneously with that of the breast, enabling preservation of arm lymphatics during axillary surgery for breast cancer. This article systematically reviews the evidence on the lymphoedema rate and oncological safety of the ARM technique.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically for studies that addressed the use of ARM during axillary surgery in breast cancer. Studies were eligible if they performed ARM during sentinel node biopsy (SNB) or axillary node clearance (ANC) for breast cancer in prospective studies of more than 50 patients, with assessment of lymphoedema and oncological outcomes during a minimum follow-up of 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight studies reported data on ARM in 1142 patients undergoing axillary surgery for breast cancer. Lymphoedema rates ranged from 0 to 6 per cent during ARM-assisted SNB, and from 5\u00b79 to 24 per cent during ARM lymphatic preservation at ANC. Crossover nodes between the arm and breast lymphatics were identified in 0\u201310 per cent of patients, and metastases were present in 0\u201320 per cent of these patients. ARM nodes were not preserved in between 11 and 18 per cent of patients with ARM nodes identified, and metastases were detected in 0\u201319 per cent of these patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ARM can achieve low rates of lymphoedema, but the risk of metastasis in crossover and clinically suspicious ARM nodes, or those in close proximity to an involved sentinel node, warrants their excision.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,10]],"date-time":"2015-12-10T21:35:05Z","timestamp":1449783305000},"page":"170-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Systematic review of axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I T","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgical Unit, Breast Cancer Centre, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V S","family":"Klimberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Douek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London , London,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092914195590100_bjs10041-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70035-4","article-title":"Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23\u201301): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Galimberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet 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