{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:24:26Z","timestamp":1790886266657,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simple hand trauma is very common, accounting for 1\u00b78 million emergency department visits annually in the USA alone. Antibiotics are used widely as postinjury prophylaxis, but their efficacy is unclear. This meta-analysis assessed the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment on wound infection rates in hand injuries managed surgically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Portal were searched for published and unpublished studies in any language from inception to September 2015. The primary outcome was the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on wound infection rates. Open fractures, crush injuries and bite wounds were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis, and risk ratios (RRs) and 95 per cent c.i. obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen studies (2578 patients) were included, comprising five double-blind randomized clinical trials, five prospective trials and three cohort studies. There was no significant difference in infection rate between the antibiotic and placebo\/no antibiotic groups (RR 0\u00b789, 95 per cent c.i. 0\u00b765 to 1\u00b723; P = 0\u00b749). Subgroup analysis of the five double-blind randomized clinical trials (864 patients) again found no difference in infection rates (RR 0\u00b766, 0\u00b736 to 1\u00b721; P = 0\u00b718).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was moderate-quality evidence that routine use of antibiotics does not reduce the infection rate in simple hand wounds that require surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T14:07:21Z","timestamp":1456754841000},"page":"487-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Meta-analysis of antibiotics for simple hand injuries requiring surgery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G R F","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M D","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G E","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I A","family":"Kreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hettiaratchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021915083868700_bjs10111-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2013the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021021915083868700_bjs10111-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70166-3","article-title":"Minimising antibiotic 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