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The group of shocked mice was further subdivided into those pretreated with the immunoadjuvant, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and those given placebo. Shock reduced reticulo-endothelial phagocytosis (P &amp;lt; 0.01), whereas pretreatment of shocked mice with MDP led to a hyperphagocytic state (P &amp;lt; 0.01). In a second series of experiments we subjected shocked mice, pretreated with MDP or placebo, to a virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. MDP significantly improved survival (P &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T00:25:57Z","timestamp":1172881557000},"page":"151-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Muramyl dipeptide increases tolerance to shock and bacterial challenge in mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"J R","family":"Ausobsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Surgery and the Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W G","family":"Cheadle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Surgery and the Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B G","family":"Brosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Surgery and the Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"H C","family":"Polk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Surgery and the Price Institute for Surgical Research, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Serological modification of reticulo-endothelial capacity and altered resistance to traumatic shock","volume":"3","author":"Kaplan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib2","first-page":"915","article-title":"The predisposition to infection following hemorrhagic shock","volume":"144","author":"Esrig","year":"1977","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(74)90458-6","article-title":"Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives","volume":"59","author":"Ellouz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Biological activities of muramyl dipeptide, a synthetic glycopeptide analagous to bacterial immunoregulating agents","volume":"25","author":"Chedid","year":"1978","journal-title":"Prog Allergy"},{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.5.2089","article-title":"Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and several analogs","volume":"74","author":"Chedid","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024092716210306600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198210000-00006","article-title":"Nonspecific enhancement of resistance to bacteria. 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