{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:22:04Z","timestamp":1740126124699,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]],"date-time":"1985-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":473385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Fund for Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Following electrical stimulation of perianal skin, short latency evoked electromyographic (EMG) responses from the external and sphincter have been interpreted as the electrophysiological correlate of the anal reflex. Delayed responses in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence have been interpreted as evidence for denervation of the external anal sphincter. Electrically evoked responses were studied in normal subjects, either before and during spinal anaesthesia (n = 8), or before and during competitive neuromuscular blockade (n = 4), instituted for operative purposes. Short latency responses persisted unchanged in either latency or duration during spinal anaesthesia whereas long latency responses were completely abolished. Both short and long latency responses were abolished during competitive neuromuscular blockade. Short latency responses are not spinal reflex in nature, but due to stimulus activation of \u03b1-motoneuronal terminal branches. Delayed responses in incontinent patients cannot be interpreted as evidence for pudendal neuropathy. Long latency (i.e. &amp;gt; 40 ms) responses demand a functional sacral spinal cord and represent the true anal reflex. Their wide range of latency in normal subjects suggests this measurement will be of little use in confirming the presence or absence of pudendal neuropathy, and that other measures of neuropathy may be more appropriate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800720116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T02:24:54Z","timestamp":1172888694000},"page":"38-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Electrically evoked activity in the human external anal sphincter"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"A L","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Anaesthesia and Surgery (Leeds General Infirmary), University of Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N S","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Anaesthesia and Surgery (Leeds General Infirmary), University of Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J S","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Anaesthesia and Surgery (Leeds General Infirmary), University of Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D E","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Anaesthesia and Surgery (Leeds General Infirmary), University of Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J F B","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physiology, Anaesthesia and Surgery (Leeds General Infirmary), University of Leeds ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Der analreflex, seine physiologie und pathologie","volume":"9","author":"von Rossolimo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurologisches Centralblatt"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800671105","article-title":"The anal reflex in idiopathic faecal incontinence; an electrophysiological study","volume":"67","author":"Henry","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.9.813","article-title":"Human anal reflexes","volume":"41","author":"Pedersen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.9.770","article-title":"Anal sphincter responses after perianal electrical stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Pedersen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.9.857","article-title":"The latency of the anal reflex. (Letter","volume":"45","author":"Marsden","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91271-0","article-title":"Assessment of pelvic-floor disorders and incontinence by electrophysiological recording of the anal reflex","volume":"i","author":"Henry","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib7","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Single Fibre Electromyography","author":"Stalberg","year":"1979"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.9.767","article-title":"Early and late components in the human anal reflex","volume":"45","author":"Swash","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"2024092716402855500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800701106","article-title":"The cutaneo-anal reflex: a useful index of neuropathy","volume":"70","author":"Bartolo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of British Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbjs.1800720116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article-pdf\/72\/1\/38\/59378500\/bjs1800720116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article-pdf\/72\/1\/38\/59378500\/bjs1800720116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T16:40:49Z","timestamp":1727455249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article\/72\/1\/38\/6186344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800720116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1323","1365-2168"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1323"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2168"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]}}}