{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T16:22:04Z","timestamp":1788625324011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]],"date-time":"1989-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":612662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The responses of the external anal sphincter and the internal anal sphincter to rectal distension were studied in 18 female patients who had idiopathic faecal incontinence with perineal descent and 11 female control subjects, by measuring pressures at six sites within the anal canal and the electrical activity of the external sphincter. The pressure profile in the normal anal canal, at rest, was asymmetric with the highest pressure recorded in the outermost channels. Rectal distension caused a transient increase in the activity of the external sphincter, which was associated with an increase in anal pressure, particularly in the outermost two channels. This was followed by a symmetrical reduction in anal pressure throughout the anal canal, caused by relaxation of the internal sphincter and shortening of the high-pressure zone. Two patterns of response were observed in the patients with idiopathic incontinence. Twelve patients (group 1) showed normal anal relaxation, but the maximum anal pressures recorded during rectal distension or a conscious squeeze were abnormally low, suggesting weakness of the external anal sphincter. The remaining six subjects (group 2), who were older than the group 1 patients, had much lower resting pressures and showed only external sphincter contraction in response to rectal distension, with no obvious internal sphincter relaxation. However, the maximum pressures recorded during a conscious contraction of the external sphincter were lower in this group than in the normal control subjects. These results suggest that group 2 patients have impaired internal anal sphincter tone, as well as external anal sphincter weakness. This may explain why all except one of the group 2 patients, compared with only 17 per cent of group 1 patients, reported incontinence to both solids and liquids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T13:24:05Z","timestamp":1172928245000},"page":"617-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["External and internal anal sphincter responses to rectal distension in normal subjects and in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"J J","family":"Bannister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N W","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-department of Human Gastrointestinal Physiology and Nutrition, Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T C","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-department of Human Gastrointestinal Physiology and Nutrition, Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W M","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-department of Human Gastrointestinal Physiology and Nutrition, Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/58.2.256","article-title":"An investigation of the nervous control of defaecation","volume":"58","author":"Denny-Brown","year":"1935","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Studies on anal function in continent and incontinent patients","volume":"9","author":"Ihre","year":"1974","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02599.x","article-title":"External anal sphincter response to rectal distension: learned response or reflex","volume":"19","author":"Whitehead","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib4","first-page":"79","article-title":"Simultaneous manometric recording of internal and external anal sphincter reflexes","volume":"116","author":"Schuster","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90074-0","article-title":"Impairment of defecation in young women with severe constipation","volume":"90","author":"Read","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1962.17.5.849","article-title":"A new bipolar electrode for electromyography","volume":"17","author":"Basmajian","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01648446","article-title":"Physiological studies in young women with chronic constipation","volume":"1","author":"Bannister","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80175-4","article-title":"A clinical study of patients with faecal incontinence and diarrhoea","volume":"76","author":"Read","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2024092807293143800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01887845","article-title":"Defecography: I. 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