{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T13:39:40Z","timestamp":1771853980728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]],"date-time":"1990-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":660009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sir Alan Parks Research Foundation"},{"name":"The Royal College of Surgeons"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There is histological and functional evidence that the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence. The in vitro responsiveness of the internal anal sphincter to nor adrenaline (an important sympathetic neurotransmitter) and electrical field stimulation (known to stimulate the intrinsic innervation) has been studied. Muscle strips from eight patients with incontinence undergoing postanal repair and five controls undergoing' resection for low rectal carcinoma were studied. The contraction-response curves for nor-adrenaline were significantly different, and the EC50, the concentration required to produce 50 per cent of maximum contraction, was higher in incontinent patients (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Electrical field stimulation produced initial contractions in four of the control group which were blocked by phentolamine. This contraction was not present in the incontinent patients (P &amp;lt; 0.01). These results indicate an abnormality in the adrenergic innervation of the internal anal sphincter in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800771208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T13:52:09Z","timestamp":1172929929000},"page":"1342-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Adrenergic control of the internal anal sphincter is abnormal in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"C T M","family":"Speakman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Alan Parks Physiology Unit, St. Mark's Hospital , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C H V","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology and Centre for Neuroscience, University College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Alan Parks Physiology Unit, St. Mark's Hospital , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M M","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Alan Parks Physiology Unit, St. Mark's Hospital , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Alan Parks Physiology Unit, St. Mark's Hospital , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Burnstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology and Centre for Neuroscience, University College London , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.4.343","article-title":"Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in anorectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study","volume":"43","author":"Neill","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680804","article-title":"Physiological studies of the pelvic floor in idiopathic faecal incontinence and rectal prolapse","volume":"68","author":"Neill","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800710817","article-title":"Slowed conduction in the pudendal nerves in idiopathic (neurogenic) faecal incontinence","volume":"71","author":"Kiff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800701108","article-title":"The role of partial denervation of the puborectalis muscle in idiopathic faecal incontinence","volume":"70","author":"Bartolo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730531","article-title":"The role of pelvic floor denervation in the aetiology of idiopathic faecal incontinence","volume":"73","author":"Womack","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.8.656","article-title":"Sphincter denervation in anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse","volume":"19","author":"Parks","year":"1977","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024092808020686300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(79)90156-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of anorectal incontinence; 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