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Of these, 33 resulted from stab wounds, 17 from bullets and one from hyperextension of the neck. There were 15 perforations of the pharynx and 36 of the oesophagus. Oesophagography in a lateral decubitus position demonstrated the perforation in all 16 patients in whom it was used. In 45 patients simple repair within 24 h of injury was performed (mortality rate 11 per cent). In six patients with a delay of more than 24 h in the repair of the thoracic oesophagus, special techniques were preferred. In two patients an oesophageal diversion-exclusion method was used; one such patient died. In four patients repair over a large-bore T tube was carried out with one death. The main cause of mortality was associated spinal injury (four deaths).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,3]],"date-time":"2007-03-03T19:33:19Z","timestamp":1172950399000},"page":"1147-1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Penetrating external injuries of the oesophagus and pharynx"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Hatzitheofilou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand , PO Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Strahlendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand , PO Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Kakoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand , PO Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Charalambides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand , PO Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Demetriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand , PO Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092812352150000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/14017438309099370","article-title":"Perforation and rupture of the oesophagus","volume":"17","author":"Larsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2024092812352150000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(90)90082-H","article-title":"Esophageal perforation: a therapeutic challenge","volume":"50","author":"Attar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2024092812352150000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750315","article-title":"Surgical approaches to vertebral artery injuries","volume":"75","author":"Hatzitheofilou","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2024092812352150000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800731111","article-title":"Indications for thoracotomy in stab wounds of the chest. 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