{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:34:59Z","timestamp":1792031699631,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chief Scientist Office of Scottish Executive Health Department"},{"name":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This systematic review assesses the efficacy and safety of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for faecal incontinence and constipation. Electronic databases and selected websites were searched for studies evaluating SNS in the treatment of faecal incontinence or constipation. Primary outcome measures included episodes of faecal incontinence per week (faecal incontinence studies) and number of evacuations per week (constipation studies).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 106 potentially relevant reports, six patient series and one crossover study of SNS for faecal incontinence, and four patient series and one crossover study of SNS for constipation, were included. After implantation, 41\u201375 per cent of patients achieved complete faecal continence and 75\u2013100 per cent experienced improvement in episodes of incontinence. There were 19 adverse events among 149 patients. The small crossover study reported increased episodes of faecal incontinence when the implanted pulse generator was switched off. Case series of SNS for constipation reported an increased frequency of evacuation. There were four adverse events among the 20 patients with a permanent implant. The small crossover study reported a reduced number of evacuations when the pulse generator was switched off.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SNS results in significant improvement in faecal incontinence in patients resistant to conservative treatment. Early data also suggest benefit in the treatment of constipation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]],"date-time":"2004-09-29T12:01:40Z","timestamp":1096459300000},"page":"1559-1569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"M E D","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Mowatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C M A","family":"Glazener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A M","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.4.480","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.12968\/hosp.2001.62.9.1643","article-title":"Non-surgical treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"62","author":"Cheetham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hosp Med"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01039.x","article-title":"Anal sphincter biofeedback and pelvic floor exercises for faecal incontinence in adults\u2014a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Norton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27120","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence","volume":"121","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.225","article-title":"Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Kenefick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib6","first-page":"37","article-title":"The role of overlapping sphincteroplasty in traumatic fecal incontinence","volume":"47","author":"Barisic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Chir Iugosl"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810853","article-title":"Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma","volume":"81","author":"Engel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05218-6","article-title":"Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma","volume":"355","author":"Malouf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070907210884700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238008","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence: report of a prospective, multicenter trial. 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