{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:38:44Z","timestamp":1778629124368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]],"date-time":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reports of the use of injectable bulking agents for faecal incontinence are currently confined to a small number of pilot studies. However, the use of these agents is rapidly becoming widespread based on this limited knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review provides an overview of the products available and the methods of delivery based on the pilot studies, selected articles reporting experience of these agents in urology, plastic surgery and laryngology, and some animal studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although bulking agents have been used to treat urinary incontinence for over four decades, their use in faecal incontinence has so far been limited. The large choice of products now available and the lack of a defined injection strategy will hamper efforts to produce meaningful prospective randomized trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]],"date-time":"2005-04-25T16:51:38Z","timestamp":1114447898000},"page":"521-527","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Injectable bulking agents for treating faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"C J","family":"Vaizey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital at Northwick Park, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital at Northwick Park, Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070057030","article-title":"Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence","volume":"274","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15999-0","article-title":"Sacral spinal nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence: multicentre study","volume":"363","author":"Matzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02660763","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of temperature-controlled radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal (Secca procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence","volume":"46","author":"Efron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib4","first-page":"226","article-title":"Surgical management of anorectal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter deficiency","volume":"84","author":"Morgan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib5","first-page":"159","article-title":"Polytetrafluoroethylene injection for the treatment of partial fecal incontinence","volume":"78","author":"Shafik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054115","article-title":"Perianal injection of autologous fat for treatment of sphincteric incontinence","volume":"38","author":"Shafik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199810000-00046","article-title":"Autologous fat injection for treatment of fecal incontinence: manometric and echographic assessment","volume":"102","author":"Bernardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00751.x","article-title":"Glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen in the treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"85","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234337","article-title":"Internal anal sphinter augmentation for fecal incontinence using injectable silicone material","volume":"44","author":"Malouf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.2.225","article-title":"Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Kenefick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01668.x","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of an injectable anal sphincter bulking agent (Durasphere) in the management of faecal incontinence","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021070906120428300_bib12","volume-title":"Submucosal injection of carbon-coated beads is a successful and safe office-based treatment for fecal incontinence. 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