{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:38:58Z","timestamp":1788871138313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,25]],"date-time":"2005-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000297","name":"Royal College of Surgeons Research Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic anal fissure is associated with considerable pain and anal hypertonia. Numerous clinical studies attest to the effectiveness of individual nitro-containing drugs and organic calcium channel blockers in this condition but there are few comparative studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Isolated segments of sheep internal anal sphincter were prepared for isometric tension recording. The effect of various drugs on myogenic tone was examined in the absence or presence of sodium orthovanadate (SOV), an agent used to mimic anal hypertonia by increasing myogenic tone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All the drugs tested produced concentration-dependent inhibition of myogenic tone, with the maximum effect ranging from 66\u00b74 per cent (verapamil) to 100 per cent (sodium nitroprusside). Sodium nitroprusside and diltiazem were the most potent, followed by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), nifedipine and verapamil, which had similar potency, and finally nicorandil. The potency of GTN and diltiazem was reduced threefold in the presence of 1 mmol\/l SOV. The combined effect of GTN and diltiazem was greater than the effect of either agent alone, even in the presence of 3 mmol\/l SOV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nitro-containing drugs and organic calcium channel blockers are potent inhibitors of anal sphincter myogenic tone that may be used in combination to treat chronic anal fissure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,25]],"date-time":"2005-07-25T12:47:04Z","timestamp":1122295624000},"page":"1263-1269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparison of the effects of nitric oxide donors and calcium channel blockers on the intrinsic myogenic tone of sheep isolated internal anal sphincter"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Jonas-Obichere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgery, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"Scholefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgery, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Acheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Integrated Systems Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgery, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Mundey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V G","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800830120","article-title":"Ischaemic nature of anal fissure","volume":"83","author":"Schouten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01026.x","article-title":"Topographical distribution of blood supply to the anal canal","volume":"86","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07423.x","article-title":"Concepts in pathogenesis and treatment of chronic anal fissure: a review of the literature","volume":"98","author":"Utzig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gasteroenterol"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730609","article-title":"Anal hypertonia in fissures: cause or effect?","volume":"73","author":"Gibbons","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00995.x","article-title":"The pharmacology of the internal anal sphincter and new treatments of ano-rectal disorders","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib6","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Internal sphincter spasm in anal fissure","volume":"84","author":"Lund","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070906191459200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054409","article-title":"Relationship between anal pressure and anodermal blood flow. 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