{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:31:57Z","timestamp":1759991517765,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]],"date-time":"2008-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1202256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Dunhill Medical Trust\/The Royal College of Surgeons","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) may improve faecal incontinence by modulating rectal sensation. This study measured changes in the peripheral expression of various neural epitopes in response to SNS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rectal mucosal biopsies were taken from 12 patients before and after temporary SNS, and from ten responders at 90 days after permanent stimulation. Sections were immunostained for substance P, transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Levels were compared with those in nine continent controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Baseline levels of percentage area immunoreactivities of substance P (median 0\u00b751 (95 per cent confidence interval 0\u00b731 to 0\u00b773) versus 0\u00b713 (0\u00b707 to 0\u00b727) per cent; P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001) and TRPV1 (0\u00b776 (0\u00b741 to 1\u00b711) versus 0\u00b709 (0\u00b704 to 0\u00b714) per cent; P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001), but not of VIP (1\u00b726 (0\u00b737 to 2\u00b715) versus 1\u00b728 (0\u00b739 to 2\u00b717); P = 0\u00b7943), were significantly greater than in controls. Successful SNS resulted in a significant decrease in substance P immunostaining after temporary (0\u00b715 (0\u00b706 to 0\u00b751) per cent; P = 0\u00b7051) and permanent (0\u00b717 (0 to 0\u00b746) per cent; P = 0\u00b7051) stimulation. Immunoreactivity of TRPV1, VIP, CGRP and neural markers showed no qualitative change.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients with faecal incontinence demonstrate normalization of raised rectal mucosal substance P levels following successful SNS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]],"date-time":"2008-02-06T14:21:36Z","timestamp":1202307696000},"page":"477-483","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Normalization of substance P levels in rectal mucosa of patients with faecal incontinence treated successfully by sacral nerve stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"M L","family":"Gooneratne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Facer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C H","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C L","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Lunniss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N S","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Centre for Academic Surgery, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91799-3","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"346","author":"Matzel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.3.407","article-title":"Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence","volume":"44","author":"Vaizey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234782","article-title":"Short-term sacral nerve stimulation for functional anorectal and urinary disturbances: results in 40 patients: evaluation of a new option for anorectal functional disorders","volume":"44","author":"Ganio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234695","article-title":"Effect of sacral nerve stimulation in patients with fecal and urinary incontinence","volume":"44","author":"Leroi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27120","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence","volume":"121","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235484","article-title":"Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: outcome in 16 patients with definitive implant. The initial Italian Sacral Neurostimulation Group (GINS) experience","volume":"44","author":"Ganio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4977","article-title":"Effect of sacral neuromodulation on the rectum","volume":"92","author":"Uludag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5111","article-title":"Sacral nerve stimulation reduces corticoanal excitability in patients with faecal incontinence","volume":"92","author":"Sheldon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02180.x","article-title":"Review article: serotonin receptors and transporters\u2014roles in normal and abnormal gastrointestinal motility","volume":"20","author":"Gershon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii5","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.033415","article-title":"What activates visceral afferents?","volume":"53","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.02.014","article-title":"Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in the gut, with special reference to NK2 receptors in human","volume":"126\u2013127","author":"Lecci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12392-6","article-title":"Sensory fibres expressing capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in patients with rectal hypersensitivity and faecal urgency","volume":"361","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00559.x","article-title":"Role of C-afferent fibres in the mechanism of action of sacral nerve root neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Shaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00470-3","article-title":"Luminal secretion of gut peptides","volume":"9","author":"Uvnas-Wallensten","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050307","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","author":"Jorge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4103","article-title":"Clinical and physiological findings, and possible aetiological factors of rectal hyposensitivity","volume":"90","author":"Gladman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.071613","article-title":"Rectal sensorimotor dysfunction in patients with urge faecal incontinence: evidence from prolonged manometric studies","volume":"54","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20061","article-title":"The role of substance P in inflammatory disease","volume":"201","author":"O'Connor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(01)00244-0","article-title":"Differential alterations in tachykinin NK2 receptors in isolated colonic circular smooth muscle in inflammatory bowel disease and idiopathic chronic constipation","volume":"99","author":"Menzies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219756","article-title":"Changes in surviving nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries following extrinsic denervation of the small intestine","volume":"253","author":"Galligan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(95)00028-F","article-title":"Plasticity in the myenteric plexus of the rat ileum after long-term sympathectomy","volume":"13","author":"Milner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90043-0","article-title":"Search for a physiological role of substance P in gastrointestinal motility","volume":"16","author":"Bartho","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00040-5","article-title":"Are exocytosis mechanisms neurotransmitter specific?","volume":"31","author":"Langley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0987-7053(01)00264-7","article-title":"Interventional neurophysiology of the sacral nervous system","volume":"31","author":"Vodusek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90140-6","article-title":"Tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in the mammalian urinary bladder: correlation with the functions of the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves","volume":"26","author":"Maggi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021070907353087500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.014","article-title":"Outcome measures for fecal incontinence: anorectal structure and function","volume":"126","author":"Bharucha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbjs.5905","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article-pdf\/95\/4\/477\/36712092\/bjs5905.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article-pdf\/95\/4\/477\/36712092\/bjs5905.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T18:34:59Z","timestamp":1625855699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bjs\/article\/95\/4\/477\/6156135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.5905","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1323","1365-2168"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1323"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2168"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,6]]}}}