{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:23:48Z","timestamp":1783783428040,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,25]],"date-time":"2008-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an established treatment for faecal incontinence in patients who have failed conservative management. This study established the cost-effectiveness of treating patients with SNS compared with non-surgical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A decision analysis model was performed. Data from 70 patients were obtained from medical records, bowel habit diaries and Short Form 36 quality of life questionnaires. Direct medical and non-medical costs were ascertained using the 2005\/2006 national tariff, national statistics, and medication, pad and device costs. Indirect non-medical costs were also estimated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Incontinence episodes were reduced from a median of 12 per fortnight at baseline to one per fortnight with SNS. Based on direct medical and non-medical costs, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for SNS was \u00a325 070 per QALY gained. It cost \u00a31038 more per year to treat patients with SNS for a median reduction of 286 incontinence episodes, equating to \u00a33\u00b763 per episode reduced. When indirect non-medical costs were included the ICER was reduced to \u00a312 959 per QALY gained.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ICER of \u00a325 070 is within the \u00a330 000 per QALY threshold recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence as an effective use of National Health Service resources with proper justification.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,25]],"date-time":"2008-06-25T15:16:25Z","timestamp":1214406985000},"page":"1155-1163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Economic evaluation of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"T C","family":"Dudding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Meng Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Faiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Par\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Vaizey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92213-6","article-title":"Obstetric damage and faecal incontinence","volume":"344","author":"Kamm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341234","article-title":"Epidemiology of faecal incontinence in selected patient groups","volume":"6","author":"Enck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of fecal incontinence","volume":"126","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92413-8","article-title":"Faecal incontinence: the unvoiced symptom","volume":"1","author":"Leigh","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.017","article-title":"Urinary and fecal incontinence in nursing homes","volume":"126","author":"Schnelle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530070057030","article-title":"Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence","volume":"274","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021070911120228500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04283.x","article-title":"Prevalence of faecal incontinence and associated risk factors; 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