{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:56:41Z","timestamp":1792349801150,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11\/RFP\/3115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/RFP\/3115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000863","name":"Bowel Disease Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CLA1_3_706_101125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CLA1_3_706_101125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000863","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004374","name":"Medtronic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1025405:KS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1025405:KS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an established treatment for faecal incontinence, stimulation parameters have been derived empirically and only one frequency (14 Hz) is employed clinically. The aim of this study was to test a range of stimulation frequencies to establish an optimal frequency of SNM for maximum augmentation of anal canal cortical evoked potentials (EPs) in an animal model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In female Wistar rats, anal canal EPs were recorded over the primary somatosensory cortex using a flexible multielectrode array, and the effect of SNM was studied. SNM was applied at 0\u00b71\u2013100 Hz and a frequency response curve plotted. The data were fitted to a quadratic equation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The magnitude of potentiation of anal canal EPs caused by SNM depended significantly on stimulation frequency (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001). The frequency\u2013potentiation relationship was parabolic in form, with a clear optimum at 2 Hz. The SNM must be applied for at least 3 min. The theoretical maximal potentiation predicted by the model was not found to be statistically different to actual data recorded (P = 0\u00b7514\u20130\u00b7814). The response depended on stimulation amplitude in an \u2018all-or-nothing\u2019 fashion. EPs were augmented when the SNM intensity was 0\u00b75 times the motor threshold to tail twitch or greater, but values below this intensity failed to affect the EPs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of SNM in this animal model is governed principally by frequency, with an optimum of 2 Hz. If animal data can be translated to humans, optimization of SNM frequency may offer a clinically relevant improvement in the efficacy of SNM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T11:54:00Z","timestamp":1406548440000},"page":"1317-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of stimulation frequency and intensity in sacral neuromodulation on anorectal inputs to the somatosensory cortex in an experimental model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Evers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Devane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E V","family":"Carrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C H","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P R","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J F X","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031618040350700_bjs9587-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6444-1","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence","volume":"45","author":"Byrne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021031618040350700_bjs9587-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0593-0","article-title":"The prevalence of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Macmillan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2021031618040350700_bjs9587-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-0014-5","article-title":"Prevalence of anal incontinence according to age and gender: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"17","author":"Pretlove","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"2021031618040350700_bjs9587-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.054","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. 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