{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:05:28Z","timestamp":1790139928116,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochem Molecular Bio Educ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Low\u2010cost experiential modules are critical for democratizing biotechnology education, yet most undergraduates lack hands\u2010on experience with continuous\u2010culture bioreactor operations, which are fundamental to industrial bioprocessing. This study employed design\u2010based research across two iterative cycles (Fall 2024,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098; Fall 2025,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911) to develop a cost\u2010effective experiential laboratory module using Pioreactor technology (~$400\/unit vs. &gt;\u2009$10,000 for traditional systems). Iterative refinement revealed a critical design principle: front\u2010loading hardware calibration before biological experimentation significantly reduces cognitive load, enabling substantial learning gains in complex bioprocess workflows. In this module, students cultured a strain of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    that could express green fluorescent protein in 20\u2009mL vessels, progressing from baseline calibration to independent experimental design while acquiring skills and knowledge in batch and continuous culture operations, growth kinetics quantification, and regulation of recombinant protein expression. Employing a \u201cperformance, perception, reflection\u201d assessment framework, the study triangulated Direct Observed Competency Assessment, retrospective pre\u2013post\u2010self\u2010efficacy surveys, and qualitative thematic analysis to provide converging lines of evidence. Faculty observation documented improvement in 92% of competencies. Self\u2010efficacy gains were large for advanced system mastery (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.50) and bioprocess execution and analytics (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.79). Qualitative analysis with strong inter\u2010rater reliability (83.3% agreement) revealed 82% of students linked the module to career preparation and 45% identified innovation as a key outcome. The resulting adaptable module, with publicly available protocols, offers institutions a low\u2010cost framework for engaging students in dynamic biochemical processes, fostering technical proficiency and conceptual integration while addressing biotechnology workforce development needs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:17:47Z","timestamp":1790137067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaffolding a Low\u2010Cost Experiential Bioreactor Module: Reducing Cognitive Load to Enhance Competency and Self\u2010Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell K.","family":"Pirlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical and Materials Engineering Department University of Dayton  Dayton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department University of Dayton  Dayton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin C.","family":"Biffinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department University of Dayton  Dayton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.21\u20100037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.AMS.100-52","volume-title":"The U.S. Biomanufacturing Economy: Value Added, Supply Chains, Cost, Sustainability, and Efficiency","author":"Thomas D.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Charting the Future of Biotechnology","author":"National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Education & Workforce Development","author":"BioMade","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09504222241302207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Engineering Biology Research Consortium","author":"Hinman A. 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