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This study aims to analyze bone and periosteum samples from pediatric patients to elucidate the essential processes involved in callus formation during osteomyelitis. The study included eight patients from our hospital: four with positive microbial culture who underwent osteomyelitis debridement and four who had osteotomy surgery as contral. We used tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics to investigate proteomic changes in bone and periosteum tissues obtained from these patients. Differential expression proteins were analyzed for their pathways through Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, GO enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and protein\u2013protein interaction networks. A total of 4737 proteins were successfully identified. About 2224 differentially expressed proteins were detected in the bone tissues group and periosteum tissues group. Among the differentially expressed proteins, 10 protein genes in the bone group were associated with inflammation and osteogenesis, while in the periosteum group were nine. Cytochrome b\u2010245, beta polypeptide (CYBB), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP\u20101), Raf\u20101 proto\u2010oncogene, serine\/threonine kinase (RAF\u20101), RELA proto\u2010oncogene, NF\u2010KB subunit (RELA), and sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SGMS2) may play an important role in callus formation in patients with osteomyelitis. This study provides novel clues for understanding callus formation in pediatric patients with osteomyelitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:35:23Z","timestamp":1728434123000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bone and periosteum protein analysis via tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics in pediatric patients with osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6415-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinwu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Fuzhou Second General Hospital  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for First Aid and Rehabilitation in Orthopedics Trauma  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fuzhou Trauma Medical Center  Fuzhou 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